Adsorptive stripping voltammetry of In(iii) in the presence of cupferron using an in situ plated bismuth film electrode

Abstract

A sensitive and selective method for the determination of trace concentration of indium in natural water samples using adsorptive stripping voltammetry at an in situ plated bismuth film electrode was described.

New methodology to measure low free indium (III) concentrations based on the determination of the lability degree of indium complexes. Assessment of In(OH)3 solubility product

“…Indium alloys also have many industrial applications. For example, indium tin oxide (ITO) is a common alloy of In2O3 and tin-oxide (SnO2) in a ratio of 90:10 (wt:wt) that serves as coating for solar cells, plasma and liquid crystal display (LCDs) [1,2]. These vast applications of indium compounds justify that its world production has increased over the past 30 years, with potential impact on the environment and human health.…”

Simple, responsive and cost effective simultaneous quantification of Ga(III) and In(III) in environmental water samples

“…As was shown in earlier investigations, Ga(III) and In(III) form electrochemically active complexes with cupferron, which makes the voltammetric determination of these elements possible with a low detection limit (Grabarczyk and Wardak, 2014;Grabarczyk and Wasąg, 2015;Grabarczyk and Wasąg, 2016;Wasąg and Grabarczyk, 2016). This study will focus on the development of an original adsorptive voltammetric procedure for the simultaneous determination of gallium and indium.…”

“…Based on literature data, an acetate buffer was chosen as a supporting electrolyte as it was considered to be the most suitable option for both Ga(III)-cupferron and In(III)cupferron complex formation (Grabarczyk and Wardak, 2014;Grabarczyk and Wasąg, 2015;Grabarczyk and Wasąg, 2016;Wasąg and Grabarczyk, 2016). The pH of the acetate buffer was changed from 3 to 5.5 and its influence on gallium and indium peak currents is presented in Fig.…”

“…In our investigations we used natural water samples collected from the eastern part of Poland, the Bystrzyca River and Lake Zemborzyce. After sampling and before analysis the samples were stored in polypropylene bottles at a temperature of 6 o C. Based on our previous studies, in order to carry out direct voltammetric measurements of the analyzed waters, before measurements were made, the samples were mixed with Amberlite XAD-7 resin in order to remove organic substances, such as surface active substances and humic substances (Grabarczyk and Wardak, 2014;Wasąg, 2015, 2016;Wasąg and Grabarczyk, 2016). The process consisted of taking 2 mL of the analyzed water sample and 1 mL of acetate buffer (pH=5.0) and diluting it with distilled water to 10 ml and then mixing for 5 min with the resin.…”

“…Moreover, as has been repeatedly described in the literature, the BiFE allows one to obtain high sensitivity and provides the possibility of conducting measurements in the presence of oxygen. Due to this, the total measurement time is shorter because it is not necessary to deoxygenate the solution (Grabarczyk and Wasąg, 2015;Królicka et al, 2003;Wasąg and Grabarczyk, 2016;Węgiel et al, 2017).…”