Adult body size, sexual history and adolescent sexual development, may predict risk of developing prostate cancer: Results from the New South Wales Lifestyle and Evaluation of Risk Study (CLEAR)

Abstract

Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common non-cutaneous cancer in men worldwide. The relationships between PC and possible risk factors for PC cases (n = 1,181) and male controls (n = 875) from the New South Wales (NSW) Cancer, Lifestyle and Evaluation of Risk Study (CLEAR) were examined in this study. The associations between PC risk and paternal history of PC, body mass index (BMI), medical conditions, sexual behaviour, balding pattern and puberty, after adjusting for age, income, region of birth, place of residence, and PSA testing, were examined. Adjusted risk of PC was higher for men with a paternal history of PC (OR = 2.31; 95%CI: 1.70-3.14), personal history of prostatitis (OR = 2.30; 95%CI: 1.44-3.70), benign prostatic hyperplasia (OR = 2.29; 95%CI: 1.79-2.93), being overweight (vs. normal; OR = 1.24; 95%CI: 0.99-1.55) or obese (vs. normal; OR = 1.44; 95%CI: 1.09-1.89), having reported more than seven sexual partners in a lifetime (vs. < 3 partners; OR = 2.00; 95%CI: 1.49-2.68), and having reported more than 5 orgasms a month prior to PC diagnosis (vs. ≤3 orgasms; OR = 1.59; 95%CI: 1.18-2.15). PC risk was lower for men whose timing of puberty was later than their peers (vs. same as peers; OR = 0.75; 95%CI: 0.59-0.97), and a smaller risk reduction of was observed in men whose timing of puberty was earlier than their peers (vs. same as peers; OR = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.61-1.17). No associations were found between PC risk and vertex balding, erectile function, acne, circumcision, vasectomy, asthma or diabetes. These results support a role for adult body size, sexual activity, and adolescent sexual development in PC development.

The association between prostatitis and prostate cancer. Systematic review and meta-analysis

“…A total of 2794 de-duplicated records were identified using our search strategy. From 29 potentially relevant articles selected by two independent reviewers on the basis of title and abstract content, 16 articles met the inclusion criteria for the present review (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31). These articles report the results of 15 case-control studies including a total population of 422.943 subjects.…”

Acne in late adolescence and risk of prostate cancer

“…Acne vulgaris is considered to affect a majority of, if not all, adolescents to some extent, and some 20% are said to be affected by moderate to severe lesions . The latter figure corresponds roughly to the number counted as exposed in other studies examining the relationship between self‐reported history of acne and prostate cancer . It is however likely that men registered with acne by a physician in the setting of conscription examination constitute a group with more severe acne.…”

“…In the same cohort, high serum titers of antibodies directed against P. acnes were observed to be inversely associated with prostate cancer risk . Studies using retrospectively collected and self‐reported data are sensitive to exposure misclassification, which may explain the reported null findings . Reliance on self‐reported information on acne has also been shown to be a less reliable measure of the disease …”

“…11 Another cohort study using prospectively collected data shows an increased prostate cancer risk for men who reported treatment with tetracycline for more than four years as a marker of severe acne. 10 A few case-control studies, where subjects have been asked regarding their history of acne, have on the other hand not shown any associations between acne and prostate cancer, [12][13][14] and one case-control study reported an inverse association between acne-related facial scarring and later prostate cancer. 22 In the same cohort, high serum titers of antibodies directed against P. acnes were observed to be inversely associated with prostate cancer risk.…”

CTBP1/CYP19A1/estradiol axis together with adipose tissue impacts over prostate cancer growth associated to metabolic syndrome

“…Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the most prevalent cancer among men and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. 1 There is increasing evidence showing that diet and lifestyle play a crucial role in PCa risk and progression [2][3][4][5] Metabolic syndrome (MeS) is a cluster of pathophysiological disorders that comprises, at least, three of the following factors: visceral adiposity, high triglycerides, low High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, high blood pressure and high glucose levels. 6 Recently, a meta-analysis revealed that MeS is linked to poor prognosis in PCa patients, increased tumor aggressiveness and biochemical recurrence.…”