Adult development of intellectual performance: Description, explanation, and modification.

Baltes, Paul B.; Labouvie‐Vief, Gisela

doi:10.1037/10044-009

Cited by 114 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…We systematically analyzed longitudinal changes in intellectual and sensory variables as a dynamic system and explored some hypotheses about longitudinal prediction. In the end, we think we have furthered the efforts to bthink longitudinally and dynamicallyQ when investigating well-established links among intellectual, sensory, and sensorimotor domains of functioning, and when formulating hypotheses about the evolution of intelligence across the lifespan (Baltes & Labouvie, 1973;Tetens, 1777). In sum, we believe that times are ripe to further our questions and to ask more of our data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring structural dynamics within and between sensory and intellectual functioning in old and very old age: Longitudinal evidence from the Berlin Aging Study

Ghisletta

Lindenberger

2005

Intelligence

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Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of age-heterogeneous samples have revealed correlational links between and within intellectual, sensory, and sensorimotor domains. Due to basic limitations of cross-sectional designs and a reluctance to disentangle antecedent-consequent relations in longitudinal designs, the functional significance and dynamics of these links have remained unclear. Advanced structural equation models allow representing multivariate longitudinal changes as a function of time-based and directed relations. We applied this methodology to longitudinal data from the Berlin Aging Study (at inception total N = 516; age range = 70-103 years) to explore the structural dynamics among perceptual speed, verbal knowledge, close visual acuity, and distance visual acuity. We found reliable, occasion-based, age-partialed latent regression paths that influence longitudinal changes within and across intellectual and sensory domains. We conclude that intellectual and sensory domains are dynamically linked in old and very old age, and discuss implications of this finding for theories of cognitive aging. D

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring structural dynamics within and between sensory and intellectual functioning in old and very old age: Longitudinal evidence from the Berlin Aging Study

Ghisletta

Lindenberger

2005

Intelligence

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“…As noted by Nesselroade (1991) and Molenaar (2009), developmental research for far too long has adopted a surrogate approach to the study of individual behavior and development, with between-person differences standing in for within-person changes and for between-person differences in within-person change (see also Baltes & Labouvie, 1973;Borsboom, Mellenbergh, & van Heerden, 2003;Lautrey, 2003;Molenaar, Huizenga, & Nesselroade, 2003). It is generally not known whether multivariate structures based on between-person differences are valid approximations to the structure of change within a given individual.…”

Section: Measuring What Matters In Developmental Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-sectional age variance extraction: What's change got to do with it?

Lindenberger

Oertzen

Ghisletta

et al. 2011

Psychology and Aging

279

251

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In cross-sectional age variance extraction (CAVE), age, the indicator of a hypothesized developmental mechanism, and a developmental outcome are specified as independent, mediator, and target variables, respectively, to test hypotheses about behavioral development. We show that: (a) longitudinal change in a mediator variable accounting for substantial cross-sectional age-related variance in the target variable need not correlate with the target variable's longitudinal change; and, conversely, (b) longitudinal change in a mediator not sharing cross-sectional age-related variance with the target variable may nevertheless correlate highly with that variable's longitudinal change. We discourage use of CAVE for testing multivariate hypotheses about behavioral development.Keywords: cross-sectional data, longitudinal data, variance partitioning, correlated change, longitudinal mediator A central goal of developmental psychology is to identify the number and nature of causes that drive age-related changes in

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“…Such nonrandom attrition effects (i.e., attrition is related to variables of interest) may occur for a variety of reasons that can be grouped into two additive constituents: mortality-related selectivity and experimental selectivity (Baltes & Labouvie, 1973; for computational separation see Lindenberger et al, 2002).…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of Intellectual Abilities in Old Age: From Age Gradients to Individuals

Lövdén¹,

Lindenberger²

2005

Handbook of Understanding and Measuring Intelligence

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According to two-component theories, intellectual development across the lifespan is based on dynamic interactions between biology-driven fluid abilities (broad Gf, or the mechanics of cognition) and culture-driven crystallized abilities (broad Gc, or the pragmatics of cognition).In this chapter, we advocate a stronger reliance on intra-individual patterns and changes to overcome some of the conceptual and methodological problems associated with the investigation of interactions between the mechanics and the pragmatics in adulthood and old age. First, evidence about cross-sectional and longitudinal gradients of the pragmatics and mechanics during adulthood and old age is summarized. Second, we note that an improved understanding of these gradients requires efforts to decompose time/age into constituent components such as senescence, retest effects, terminal decline, cohort differences, and selective attrition. Third, the dedifferentiation hypothesis of intelligence in old age is framed in terms of mechanics/pragmatics interactions, and recent attempts to directly model these interactions using advanced structural equation modeling techniques are described. Fourth, we argue that the study of interindividual differences in a developmental context is often used to investigate substantive hypotheses that are ultimately located at the level of intraindividual patterns of changes. Therefore, interindividual-difference methods need to be complemented by the study of intraindividual variability, patterns, and changes. Intraindividual data would enable researchers to assess the amount and correlates of sample heterogeneity in patterns of performance and change, and to gauge the validity of interindividual-difference methods. The chapter ends with a discussion of methods for the study of intraindividual patterns of change. 3The present chapter has two main objectives: (a) to summarize psychometric theorizing and evidence about intelligence in adulthood and old age, and (b) to promote a person-centered (idiographic) approach to the psychometric study of adult intellectual development. Both objectives can be framed in the context of two-component models of lifespan cognition. These models posit that lifespan development of intellectual abilities reflects two fundamental and dynamically interacting influences, the biological and the cultural. Historical examples of such models can be found in Tetens' (1777) differentiation between relative and absolute mental capabilities and in Hebb's (1949) distinction between intellectual power and intellectual products (Hebb, 1949). Typical contemporary examples include the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence (i.e., Gf-Gc theory;Cattell, 1971;Horn, 1982;Horn & Cattell, 1966, 1967, the PPIK theory (Ackerman, 1996), and the decomposition of cognition into the mechanics and the pragmatics (Baltes, 1987;Baltes, Lindenberger, & Staudinger, 1998). Though the scope, terminology, and details vary considerably across the different versions, they all share fundamental assumpti...

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Adult development of intellectual performance: Description, explanation, and modification.

Cited by 114 publications

References 147 publications

Exploring structural dynamics within and between sensory and intellectual functioning in old and very old age: Longitudinal evidence from the Berlin Aging Study

Exploring structural dynamics within and between sensory and intellectual functioning in old and very old age: Longitudinal evidence from the Berlin Aging Study

Cross-sectional age variance extraction: What's change got to do with it?

Development of Intellectual Abilities in Old Age: From Age Gradients to Individuals

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