Adult height and the risks of cardiovascular disease and major causes of death in the Asia-Pacific region: 21 000 deaths in 510 000 men and women

Lee, Crystal; Barzi, Federica; Woodward, Mark; Batty, G. David; Giles, Graham G.; Wong, Jean; Jamrozik, Konrad; Lam, Tai Hing; Ueshima, Hirotsugu; Kim, Hyeon Chang; Gu, Dong Feng; Schooling, CM; Huxley, Rachel R.

doi:10.1093/ije/dyp150

Cited by 76 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Evidence indicates that height is inversely associated with CVD mortality risk, respiratory disease risk and stroke, although results are inconsistent for risk of cancer (32) . The findings reported here confirm previous reports relating to breast-feeding and stature (18) and, given the association of increased height with improved life expectancy (32,33) , provide further evidence for the promotion of breast-feeding.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Association between breast-feeding and anthropometry and CVD risk factor status in adolescence and young adulthood: the Young Hearts Project, Northern Ireland

Holmes

Cardwell

McKinley

et al. 2009

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To examine the association between breast-feeding and blood pressure, anthropometry and plasma lipid profile in both adolescence and young adulthood. Design: Longitudinal study of biological and behavioural risk factors for CVD. Setting: The Young Hearts Project, Northern Ireland. Subjects: Schoolchildren aged 12 years and 15 years who participated in a crosssectional study of lifestyle and health, and who were followed up as young adults aged 20-25 years. Results: There was no significant difference in height, weight, BMI, skinfold thickness measurements, blood pressure or plasma lipid profile in adolescents who had been breast-fed compared with those who had not been breast-fed. However, by the time these adolescents had reached adulthood, those who had been breast-fed were significantly taller than those who had not been breast-fed (standing height, P 5 0?013; leg length, P 5 0?035). Specifically, the breast-fed group was on average taller by 1?7 cm (95 % CI 0?4, 3?0 cm) and had longer legs by 1?0 cm (95 % CI 0?1, 1?9 cm). There was no significant difference in other anthropometric measures, blood pressure or plasma lipid profile in adults who had been breast-fed compared with those who had not been breast-fed. Conclusions: Compared with those who had not been breast-fed, individuals who had been breast-fed were taller in adulthood. Given the known association of increased adult height with improved life expectancy, the results from the present study support a beneficial effect of breast-feeding. KeywordsBreast-feeding Cardiovascular risk factors Anthropometry Adolescence AdulthoodOnly 35 % of UK babies are being exclusively breast-fed at 1 week, 21 % at 6 weeks, 7 % at 4 months and 3 % at 5 months (1) , despite WHO recommendations that infants should be fed breast milk exclusively for the first six months of life (2) . Although it is widely accepted that breast-feeding has numerous health benefits for both the infant and mother (3,4) , controversy remains over the benefits of breast-feeding on the incidence of adult CVD (5) and, in particular, CVD mortality (6)(7)(8) . Increasing evidence suggests that breast-feeding is associated with lower CVD risk factors such as serum total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) (9)(10)(11) ; however, the effect of breast-feeding is not clear for all known risk factors, including BMI and blood pressure (12)(13)(14)(15) . Evidence suggests that breast-feeding in infancy may have a small effect on BMI in adolescence and adult life (12) . Breast-feeding is also associated with lower levels of TC and LDL-C in adulthood (6,9) . The magnitude of the effect of breast-feeding on blood pressure remains uncertain, and concerns have been expressed about the influence of publication bias and confounding on this relationship (13,14,16) . Little is known about the effect of breast-feeding on height in adolescence and adulthood; however, emerging evidence points to a potential association with increased stature (17,18) . Several recent studies have assessed the...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Association between breast-feeding and anthropometry and CVD risk factor status in adolescence and young adulthood: the Young Hearts Project, Northern Ireland

Holmes

Cardwell

McKinley

et al. 2009

Public Health Nutr.

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“…In women, diverging from men, though waist circumference and fibrinogen are similar at each height tertile, concentrations of complement C3 rise significantly and CRP and triglyceride increase (p=0.07 in each) with shorter height. CRP, complement C3 and triglycerides are exactly the three parameters which have been discerned in the TARF study as the clinical biomarkers of HDL dysfunction associated with enhanced low-grade inflammation In a large study on Australasians, predominantly Asians, comprising nearly 4000 CHD and over 21.000 deaths (12), there was a 3% reduction in total mortality risk for each 1-SD increment in height in men, but not in women. With respect to CHD risk, as distinct from Australians, height was not related in female Asians and only borderline significantly associated in male Asians (HR 0.95 [95% CI 0.89; 1.01]).…”

Section: Gender Differencementioning

confidence: 86%

“…All-cause mortality expressed in terms of body height seems to be a composite of decreasing mortality of CHD and increasing one of cancer with increments of height (12,25).…”

Section: Gender Differencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such associations may be generated by genetic, socioeconomic or environmental factors. Noteworthy is that gender is a major effect modifier (9)(10)(11), and the stated associations do not appear to hold generally as strongly in females in whom the ratio of developing CHD and cancer diverges from males (12). Race or ethnicity is a second modulator: Large differences exist in CHD incidence between populations, and shorter populations have lower CHD risk compared with the taller ones (13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Race or ethnicity is a second modulator: Large differences exist in CHD incidence between populations, and shorter populations have lower CHD risk compared with the taller ones (13). Most of the available studies have been largely on Caucasian populations, some also on East Asian populations in whom the inverse association with CHD seems to be much weaker or lacking (12,14). Except for one study on Israeli male civil servants (7) in whom a relation between height and CHD was notably not observed, data on this link in Middle-Eastern populations are lacking and added information is needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Short stature is an independent risk marker for mortality and incident coronary heart disease only in women: a structural relationship?

Onat¹,

Örnek²,

Can³

et al. 2012

Anadolu Kardiyol Derg

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Short stature is an independent risk marker for mortality and incident coronary heart disease only in women: a structural relationship?Kısa boy mortalite ve insidan koroner kalp hastalığı riskinin yalnızca kadınlarda bağımsız bir belirtecidir: Yapısal ilişki mi?Original Investigation Özgün Araşt›rma ABSTRACTObjective: We evaluated the associations of short stature with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk or overall mortality, which vary with sex and ethnicity/race. Methods: Such associations were studied prospectively at a mean 13.5-years' follow-up in a population-based sample of 3394 Turkish adults (mean age 44±11 years) using Cox proportional hazards models. Covariates of height were sought in sex-specific tertiles.Results: Height averaged 162.7±6.5 cm. Age-adjusted estimated marginal means for serum triglycerides, C-reactive protein and complement C3 in women (but not men) were significantly higher with decreasing height tertiles. In sex-and age-adjusted models, height was associated in men with neither incident CHD, nor death. In women, 1-SD increment (6.5 cm) in height only tended to marginal inverse association with CHD, but predicted significantly all-cause death (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.59-0.98); HR attenuated only marginally after further adjustment for family income bracket, smoking status, alcohol usage, systolic blood pressure, serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-and non HDL-cholesterol. A threshold below 160 cm of female height doubled the adjusted risk of death compared to taller women. Conclusion: In contrast to men, short stature in Turkish women tends to be an independent risk marker for CHD, and height below 160 cm is a strong marker of death. Gender-specific early-life influences enhancing pro-inflammatory state may affect death and future CHD.

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2013

Nutrition and Development

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Adult height and the risks of cardiovascular disease and major causes of death in the Asia-Pacific region: 21 000 deaths in 510 000 men and women

Abstract: The opposing relationships of height with CVD and cancer suggest that care is required in setting national policies on childhood nutrition lest they have unintended consequences on the incidence of major non-communicable diseases.

Cited by 76 publications

References 33 publications

Association between breast-feeding and anthropometry and CVD risk factor status in adolescence and young adulthood: the Young Hearts Project, Northern Ireland

Association between breast-feeding and anthropometry and CVD risk factor status in adolescence and young adulthood: the Young Hearts Project, Northern Ireland

Short stature is an independent risk marker for mortality and incident coronary heart disease only in women: a structural relationship?

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