“…Psychological factors such as lack of social presence, research self-efficacy, and intrinsic motivation, coupled with a sense of isolation, can hinder or, if remedied, support doctoral students. There is no lack of research indicating the importance of psychological factors such as social presence (Gunawardena & Zittle, 1997;Short, Williams, & Christie, 1976), research self-efficacy (Coryell & Murray, 2014;Wei, Barnard-Brak, & Wang, 2015), isolation (Golde & Dore, 2001;Hawlery, 2003;Lovitts, 2001), and intrinsic motivation (Deci & Ryan, 2000;Gardner, 2010). Thus, academic knowledge is not the only indicator of doctoral success; psychological factors can also propel doctoral students to complete a doctoral degree.…”