Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Oral Cavity and Surrounding Areas: Types and Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Adult mesenchymal stem cells are those obtained from the conformation of dental structures (DMSC), such as deciduous and permanent teeth and other surrounding tissues. Background: The self-renewal and differentiation capacities of these adult stem cells allow for great clinical potential. Because DMSC are cells of ectomesenchymal origin, they reveal a high capacity for complete regeneration of dental pulp, periodontal tissue, and other biomedical applications; their differentiation into other types of cells promotes repair in muscle tissue, cardiac, pancreatic, nervous, bone, cartilage, skin, and corneal tissues, among others, with a high predictability of success. Therefore, stem and progenitor cells, with their exosomes of dental origin and surrounding areas in the oral cavity due to their plasticity, are considered a fundamental pillar in medicine and regenerative dentistry. Tissue engineering (MSCs, scaffolds, and bioactive molecules) sustains and induces its multipotent and immunomodulatory effects. It is of vital importance to guarantee the safety and efficacy of the procedures designed for patients, and for this purpose, more clinical trials are needed to increase the efficacy of several pathologies. Conclusion: From a bioethical and transcendental anthropological point of view, the human person as a unique being facilitates better clinical and personalized therapy, given the higher prevalence of dental and chronic systemic diseases.

Evolving Strategies and Materials for Scaffold Development in Regenerative Dentistry

“…Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the elements which are crucial to the process of tissue regeneration [64,[96][97][98]. They can be, in their entirety, quite easily extracted from various types of body tissues; however, they strictly require suitable conditions to fully prosper.…”

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived from Dental Tissues: Immunomodulatory Properties and Clinical Potential

“…The vascular-nervous system plays a fundamental role in tooth function, feeding it from the apex without accessory vascularization. Unlike other oral tissues adjacent to the tooth, this mechanism maintains homeostasis and provides the tooth with neurosensory function, aiding in repair processes [27,33,34]. On the other hand, teeth also rely on other tissues, including the periodontal ligament, the alveolar bone, and the gingival tissue; together, these tissues are known as periodontal tissues or simply the periodontium.…”

“…MSCs have been isolated from various anatomical regions of the oral cavity (Figure 1), including the dental pulp (DPSCs) [37,38], periodontal ligament (PDLSCs) [39,40], gingival tissue (GMSCs) [41,42], apical papilla (SCAPs) [43,44], dental follicle (DFSCs) [45,46], human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) [47,48], alveolar bone (ABMSCs), and tooth germ (TGPCs) [34], and these are collectively defined as dental MSCs (D-MSCs) [49].…”

Differential Expression of MicroRNA (MiR-27, MiR-145) among Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) Following Neurogenic Differentiation Stimuli

“…Many research groups have recently focused their attention and efforts into bioengineering and tissue regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) derived from dental pulp, known as dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) [1,2]. Many types of oral and dental stem cells (DSC) have been identified, including location-specific periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC) and stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP), as well as stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and DPSCs derived from vital, intact permanent teeth, which function in vivo to regenerate tissues and structures including the dentin-pulp complex [1,2]. Although all are derived from neural crest cells, the proliferative and differentiation potential may be different among these various types of DSC and DPSCs [1,2].…”

“…Many types of oral and dental stem cells (DSC) have been identified, including location-specific periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC) and stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP), as well as stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and DPSCs derived from vital, intact permanent teeth, which function in vivo to regenerate tissues and structures including the dentin-pulp complex [1,2]. Although all are derived from neural crest cells, the proliferative and differentiation potential may be different among these various types of DSC and DPSCs [1,2]. Due to these differences, many of these research and evaluation efforts have been highly concentrated on evaluating the potential to repair and regenerate specific dental or oral tissues and structures, such as PDLSCs and SCAPs to restore alveolar tissues and supporting bone structures or SHEDs and DPSCs to initiate tooth regeneration and other types of oral tissue remodeling [3,4].…”