Adult mesenchymal stem cells in neural regeneration and repair: Current advances and future prospects (Review)

Abstract

Abstract. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive cell source for regenerative medicine as they can be easily isolated from bone marrow (BM) aspirates and expanded in culture while maintaining their 'stemness'. In addition to differentiating into mesodermal cells, MSCs have shown considerable plasticity and generate ectodermal neurons and glia, which can be used to replace cells damaged by neurological diseases and injuries. These unique stem cells also exhibit immunomodulatory functions and secrete a variety of trophic factors which support regeneration and repair. This review focuses on the therapeutic usage of MSCs for neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic injuries to the nervous system. Animal studies demonstrate great promise for MSC transplantation in neurological disorders. In fact, a few clinical trials have already been initiated and show that MSCs are a safe cellular therapy and have great potential to become a viable treatment for neural disorders in the years to come.

POTENSI TRANSDIFERENSIASI SEL FIBROBLAS MENJADI SEL SARAF SECARA IN VITRO (Transdifferentiation Potency of Fibroblast Cell to Neuron Cell in Vitro)

“…Jika dibandingkan dengan stem sel embrionik, kemampuan berdiferensiasi stem sel dewasa lebih terbatas karena hanya mampu berdiferensiasi menjadi beberapa jenis sel saja serta hanya ditemukan dalam jumlah yang sedikit. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) merupakan stem sel dewasa yang mempunyai morfologi seperti fibroblas (fibroblast-like) dan kemampuan diferensiasi MSCs menjadi beberapa jenis sel jaringan ikat sehingga menjadikan sel tersebut sebagai kandidat sumber sel dalam pengobatan regenerasi jaringan (Trzaska et al, 2008). Terapi sel merupakan pengobatan dengan menggunakan sel dari tubuhnya sendiri.…”

“…Pada penelitian ini, pemberian NBRN CM 50% juga dapat mengarahkan sel fibroblas menjadi sel saraf dalam persentase yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan penggunaan stem sel dari sumsum tulang. Perubahan/trandiferensiasi sel ini terjadi karena adanya pengaruh lingkungan mikro (Trzaska et al, 2008) pada medium kultur sel tersebut.…”

“…Proses tersebut disebut transdiferensiasi atau plastisitas sel MSC (Halim et al, 2010). Penggunaan beberapa bahan kimia seperti DMSO, -merkaptoetanol dapat digunakan untuk menginduksi transdiferensiasi MSC menjadi sel saraf (Trzaska et al, 2008). Hasil penelitian Djuwita et al (2010) menunjukkan persentase sel saraf sebesar 73,3% pada kultur stem sel sumsum tulang yang dikultur dengan medium DMEM yang ditambah dengan merkaptoetanol.…”

Complement C5a induces mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis during the progression of chronic diabetic complications

“…Diabetic complications are a reflection of metabolic disorder-induced cell/tissue damage and dysfunction, with manifestations in multiple organs. In view of the essential roles of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in target tissue regeneration and repair [10][11][12][13], we may reasonably speculate that there must be quantitative, distributive or functional anomalies in endogenous MSCs in individuals with diabetes who present complications that impair the ability of these cells to regenerate and repair the damaged tissue. Indeed, a pathogenic role for impaired MSC quality in diabetes has been proposed by many researchers [14][15][16][17][18], and a decreased number of MSCs has also been reported to be associated with this disease [19,20]; however, the causes and role of MSC deficiency in diabetes are unknown.…”

Ferulic acid pretreatment could improve prognosis of autologous mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation for diabetic neuropathy

“…Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells, capable of moving toward sites of injury, releasing various neurotrophic and angiogenic factors and differentiating into multi-lineage cell types, particularly neuron-like cells. These features make MSCs a suitable candidate for cell-based therapeutic strategies in DN [2]. Autologous MSCs, because they are not subject to immune rejection in contrast to allo-geneic MSCs, have been considered an excellent choice for curative angiogenic and neurotrophic therapies [3].…”