Adult Normative Data of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in Taiwan

Shan, Ian-Kai; Chen, Ying-Sheue; Lee, Ying-Chiao; Su, Tung‐Ping

doi:10.1016/s1726-4901(08)70160-6

Cited by 45 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Participants then sat at a standard desk and completed the computerized map task as if they were informing, yet Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Results Table I shows the summary statistics of the map task results. Performance on most measures is consistent with results from the original WCST including a sample of veterans of similar age to our participants (Shan et al, 2008;Shura et al, 2015). However, percentage of non-perseverative error was higher than that of previous studies (Shan et al, 2008): mean of 20.86 per cent (SD = 13.57 per cent).…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 87%

Analysis of performance on a modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test for the military

Moten¹,

Kennedy

Alt³

et al. 2017

JDAL

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Purpose Current Army doctrine stresses a need for military leaders to have the capability to make flexible and adaptive decisions based on a future unknown environment, location and enemy. To assess a military decision maker’s ability in this context, this paper aims to modify the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test which assesses cognitive flexibility, into a military relevant map task. Thirty-four military officers from all service branches completed the map task. Design/methodology/approach The purpose of this study was to modify a current psychological task that measures cognitive flexibility into a military relevant task that includes the challenge of overcoming experiential bias, and understand underlying causes of individual variability in the decision-making and cognitive flexibility behavior of active duty military officers on this task. Findings Results indicated that non-perseverative errors were a strong predictor of cognitive flexibility performance on the map task. Decomposition of non-perseverative error into efficient errors and random errors revealed that participants who did not complete the map task changed their sorting strategy too soon within a series, resulting in a high quantity of random errors. Originality/value This study serves as the first step in customizing cognitive psychological tests for a military purpose and understanding why some military participants show poor cognitive flexibility.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 87%

Analysis of performance on a modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test for the military

Moten¹,

Kennedy

Alt³

et al. 2017

JDAL

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“…Moreover, the CVD group had more education than did the other three groups, which might be the reason for their slower decline in cognitive performance than the LLD+CVD, but this needs further investigation. The effect of education on WCST scores was reported to be non-significant (Shan 2008), but the authors did not take the illiterate elderly into account when calculating the norm. In addition, the education effect on the WCST for the illiterate elderly with depression or cardiovascular disease deserves further investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive functions in elderly men

Liu¹,

Chang

et al. 2011

AGE

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The executive function deficit is greater in depressed patients with cardiovascular disease than in depressed patients without cardiovascular disease. Late-life depression is said to have a vascular etiology and would worsen the executive function. A cross-sectional design was used for this study. The study was done in outpatient clinics of Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital and National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan. Three hundred thirty-five older elderly men (>75 years old) were chosen as study participants, some military veterans and some not. The mini-mental state examination was used to exclude those suspected of dementia, the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview to screen those undergoing a current major depressive episode, and the revised Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form to measure the severity of depression. Specialist physicians obtained past histories of medical illnesses through chart reviews, history taking, and health examinations. Elderly men with major depression comorbid with cardiovascular disease had worse executive functions. Executive function impairment is greater in elderly men diagnosed with major depression comorbid with cardiovascular disease than in those without cardiovascular disease.

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“…Memory was assessed by subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III), namely the Word Lists Test for verbal memory functions and the Face Test for visual memory functions. We administered two executive function tests, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Color Trails Test (CTT), a culturally fair analog of the Trail Making Test (Shan et al, 2008).…”

Section: Cognitive Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%