Adult Psychiatric Status of Hyperactive Boys Grown Up

Mannuzza, Salvatore; Klein, Rachel G.; Bessler, Abrah; Malloy, Patricia; Lapadula, Maria Vita

doi:10.1176/ajp.155.4.493

Cited by 657 publications

(458 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…International studies have shown that ADHD patients are at an increased risk for criminal activities [18]. However, these costs were expected to be low in the age group included in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Societal costs and quality of life of children suffering from attention deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Roijen

Zwirs

Bouwmans

et al. 2007

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

112

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j Abstract Background The impact of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) in the Netherlands on health care utilisation, costs and quality of life of these children, as well as of their parents is unknown. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the direct medical costs of patients suffering from ADHD and their quality of life as well as the direct medical costs of their mothers. Study design We selected a group of 70 children who were being treated by a paediatrician for ADHD based on the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ADHD. For comparison's sake, we also included a non-matched group of 35 children with behaviour problems and 60 children with no behaviour problem from a large school population-based study on the detection of ADHD. We collected information on the health care utilisation of the children applying the Trimbos and iMTA questionnaire on Costs associated with Psychiatric illness' (TiC-P). Their health related quality of life was collected by using the Dutch 50-item parent version of the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ PF-50). Measurements were at baseline and at 6 months. Subsequently, we collected data on the health utilisation of the mothers and their production losses due to absence from work and reduced efficiency. Results The mean direct medical costs per ADHD patient per year were e2040 or e1173 when leaving out one patient with a long-term hospital admission, compared to e288 for the group of children with behaviour problems and e177 for the group of children with no behaviour problems. The direct medical costs for children who had psychiatric co-morbidities were significantly higher compared to children with ADHD alone. The mean medical costs per year for the mothers of the ADHD patients were significantly higher than for the mothers of the children with behaviour problems and the mothers of children with no behaviour problems respectively e728, e202 and e154. The physical summary score showed no significant differences between the groups. However, the score on the Psychosocial Summary Score dimension was significantly lower for ADHD patients compared to the scores of the children in the two other samples. The mean annual indirect costs due to absence from work and reduced efficiency at work were e2243 for the mothers of the ADHD patients compared to e408 for the mothers

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Societal costs and quality of life of children suffering from attention deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Roijen

Zwirs

Bouwmans

et al. 2007

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

112

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“…1-6 For a significant proportion of children diagnosed with ADHD, their impairment will persist into adulthood. 7,8 Australian children are diagnosed with the disorder every day. For a significant number of these children, treatment with stimulant medication will ultimately be required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in the prescribing of stimulant medication for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children and adolescents in NSW

Salmelainen¹

2002

NSW Public Health Bull.

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“…By adulthood, 49-66% will have significant symptoms of the disorder or meet diagnostic criteria for it (Barkley et al, 2002;Mannuzza et al, 1993Mannuzza et al, ,1998Rasmussen & Gillberg, 2002;Weiss and Hechtman, 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An examination of the behavioral and neuropsychological correlates of three ADHD candidate gene polymorphisms (DRD4 7+, DBH TaqI A2, and DAT1 40 bp VNTR) in hyperactive and normal children followed to adulthood

Barkley

Smith

Fischer

et al. 2006

American J of Med Genetics Pt B

104

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Several candidate gene polymorphisms have been implicated in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including DAT1 40bp VNTR, DRD4 7+, and DBH TaqI A2 alleles. We used the Milwaukee longitudinal study of hyperactive (N=122) and normal (N=67) children to compare participants with and without these respective polymorphisms on ADHD-related behavioral ratings at childhood, 8 years later in adolescence, and 13+ years later into young adulthood. Neuropsychological tests were given at the adolescent and young adulthood follow-up. No differences were found between the DRD4-7+ and 7-repeat polymorphism. The DBH TaqI A2 allele, when homozygous, was associated with being more hyperactive in childhood, having more pervasive behavior problems at adolescence, and earning less money on a Card Playing Task in adulthood. At adolescence, poorer test scores were also found only in the hyperactive group with homozygous for this allele. The DAT1 40bp VNTR heterozygous 9/10 repeat, however, differed from the 10/10 repeat pair in many respects, having greater ADHD and externalizing symptoms at all three follow-ups, more cross-situational behavioral problems at both childhood and adolescence, poorer mother-teen relations at adolescence, and lower class rankings in high school. Participants with the 9/10 pair in the control group also had lower work performance, a lower grade point average in high school, greater teacher rated externalizing symptoms at adolescence, and greater omission errors on a continuous performance test in adulthood. The DAT1 40bp VNTR 9/10 polymorphism pairing appears to be reliably associated with greater symptoms of ADHD and externalizing behavior from childhood to adulthood, and with family, educational, and occupational impairments. We also present a contrary view on the appropriate endophenotypes for use in behavioral genetic research on ADHD.Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), or what was previously diagnosed as Hyperactive Child Syndrome, are characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of inattentive, impulsive, and hyperactive behavior that arise early in childhood and occur across multiple settings (American Psychiatric Association, 1968, 1980, 2001. Follow-up studies of hyperactive children suggest that from 35-80 percent of NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript cases diagnosed in childhood will persist into adolescence Gittelman et al., 1985). By adulthood, 49-66% will have significant symptoms of the disorder or meet diagnostic criteria for it (Barkley et al., 2002;Mannuzza et al., 1993Mannuzza et al., ,1998 Rasmussen & Gillberg, 2002;Weiss and Hechtman, 1993).Biological relatives of children with the disorder are more likely to have ADHD (Biederman et al. 1990, Biederman et al. 1992, Biederman et al. 1995, Maher et al. 1999, Samuel et al. 1999. Numerous twin studies found that genetic factors account for the majority of variance in this trait with an average heritability of .75-.80, with more recent studies u...

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Adult Psychiatric Status of Hyperactive Boys Grown Up

Abstract: The results of the present study are consistent with the authors' previously reported major findings. They strongly suggest that children with ADHD are at significantly higher risk for a specific negative course marked by antisocial and substance-related disorders.

Cited by 657 publications

References 30 publications

Societal costs and quality of life of children suffering from attention deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Societal costs and quality of life of children suffering from attention deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Trends in the prescribing of stimulant medication for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children and adolescents in NSW

An examination of the behavioral and neuropsychological correlates of three ADHD candidate gene polymorphisms (DRD4 7+, DBH TaqI A2, and DAT1 40 bp VNTR) in hyperactive and normal children followed to adulthood

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