Adult Toxocara canis encephalitis.

Sommer, Claudia; Ringelstein, E B; Biniek, R.; Glöckner, W. M.

doi:10.1136/jnnp.57.2.229

Cited by 37 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…There have not been any studies that have proven that combined treatment with albendazole and corticosteroids is superior to single therapy (125). Corticoids may be considered in the case of immune vasculitis, though this condition is quite rare and difficult to identify (132).…”

Section: Neurotoxocariasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral Toxocariasis: Silent Progression to Neurodegenerative Disorders?

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY Toxocara canis and T. cati are highly prevalent nematode infections of the intestines of dogs and cats. In paratenic hosts, larvae do not mature in the intestine but instead migrate through the somatic tissues and organs of the body. The presence of these migrating larvae can contribute to pathology. Toxocara larvae can invade the brains of humans, and while case descriptions of cerebral toxocariasis are historically rare, improved diagnosis and greater awareness have contributed to increased detection. Despite this, cerebral or neurological toxocariasis (NT) remains a poorly understood phenomenon. Furthermore, our understanding of cognitive deficits due to toxocariasis in human populations remains particularly deficient. Recent data describe an enhanced expression of biomarkers associated with brain injury, such as GFAP, AβPP, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), NF-L, S100B, tTG, and p-tau, in mice receiving even low doses of Toxocara ova. Finally, this review outlines a hypothesis to explore the relationship between the presence of T. canis larvae in the brain and the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to enhanced AD-associated neurodegenerative biomarker expression.

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Section: Neurotoxocariasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral Toxocariasis: Silent Progression to Neurodegenerative Disorders?

et al. 2015

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“…for 2 to 4 weeks (90). If immune vasculitis aggravates the clinical course of neurotoxocariasis, corticoids may be of help, but this condition is considered very rare and is also very difficult to identify (265). Overall, there is no consensus on the use of corticoids for toxocariasis.…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis and Its Clinical Relevance

2009

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SUMMARY Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis is caused by a variety of helminthic infections. These worm-specific infections are named after the causative worm genera, the most common being angiostrongyliasis, gnathostomiasis, toxocariasis, cysticercosis, schistosomiasis, baylisascariasis, and paragonimiasis. Worm parasites enter an organism through ingestion of contaminated water or an intermediate host and can eventually affect the central nervous system (CNS). These infections are potentially serious events leading to sequelae or death, and diagnosis depends on currently limited molecular methods. Identification of parasites in fluids and tissues is rarely possible, while images and clinical examinations do not lead to a definitive diagnosis. Treatment usually requires the concomitant administration of corticoids and anthelminthic drugs, yet new compounds and their extensive and detailed clinical evaluation are much needed. Eosinophilia in fluids may be detected in other infectious and noninfectious conditions, such as neoplastic disease, drug use, and prosthesis reactions. Thus, distinctive identification of eosinophils in fluids is a necessary component in the etiologic diagnosis of CNS infections.

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“…Eosinophilic granulomas surrounding migrating larvae may be found in affected tissues. Leukocytosis with high levels of eosinophilia (exceeding 70% [12,14]) and hypergammaglobulinemia with raised levels of IgE are common findings. The disease rarely affects the brain or spinal cord, but can cause eosinophilic meningitis, encephalitis [12], myelopathy, or radiculopathy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Leukocytosis with high levels of eosinophilia (exceeding 70% [12,14]) and hypergammaglobulinemia with raised levels of IgE are common findings. The disease rarely affects the brain or spinal cord, but can cause eosinophilic meningitis, encephalitis [12], myelopathy, or radiculopathy. A few cases of paraparesis and/or sensory loss in the legs due to a spinal toxocaral abscess [9], and transverse or recurrent myelitis have been reported [1,7,15].…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%