Adultos chilenos con discapacidad intelectual: creencias, actitudes y percepciones parentales sobre su autodeterminación

Abstract

Resumen: El desarrollo de habilidades de autodeterminación en personas con discapacidad intelectual debe impulsarse desde contextos naturales y no solo desde entornos formales. Para conocer el grado en que las familias pueden facilitar o dificultar la autodeterminación, se han analizado, desde un paradigma cuantitativo no experimental, las creencias, percepciones y actitudes sobre autodeterminación de 282 padres y madres de personas adultas con discapacidad intelectual en Chile. Los principales resultados adultos chilenos con discapacidad intelectual: creencias, actitudes y percepciones parentales sobre su autodeterminación i. álvarez, v. vega, h. spencer, f. gonzález y r. arriagada © Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca / CC BY-NC-ND Siglo Cero, vol. 50 (2), n.º 270, 2019, abril-junio, pp. 51-72 -52 -evidencian cómo las actitudes y creencias a favor de la autodeterminación incrementan el desempeño de estas habilidades entre los hijos. Igualmente, son los adultos con discapacidades severas quienes reciben, por parte de los padres, menos oportunidades para desarrollar su autodeterminación. La discusión de estos hallazgos permite inferir ciertas tendencias de acción entre los hijos a partir de las creencias y actitudes de los progenitores. Esto ayuda a identificar necesidades formativas en las familias y a orientar futuras intervenciones sobre este constructo desde el contexto familiar.Palabras clave: discapacidad intelectual; educación no formal; familia; autodeterminación.Abstract: The development of self-determination skills in people with intellectual disabilities should be promoted from natural contexts and not only from formal environments. To know the extent to which families can facilitate or hinder self-determination, the beliefs, perceptions and attitudes about self-determination of 282 parents of adults with intellectual disabilities in Chile have been analyzed from a non-experimental quantitative paradigm. The main results show how attitudes and beliefs in favor of self-determination increase the performance of these skills among children. Likewise, it is adults with severe disabilities who receive, by parents, fewer opportunities to develop their self-determination. The discussion of these findings allows to infer certain tendencies of action among the children from the beliefs and attitudes of the parents. This helps to identify training needs in families and to guide future interventions on this construct from the family context.

Levels of self‐determination in the ageing population with intellectual disabilities

“…In this study, those who have family support have higher levels of self‐determination than those who receive only professional support. Some research (Álvarez‐Aguado et al, 2019) also show the relevance of the family environment in increasing these skills. According to these studies, confidence, affection, beliefs and family attitudes condition self‐determination and personal development.…”

“…In recent years, interest in assessing the incidence of specific factors on self‐determination has grown notably in special education and educational psychology. Emphasis has been on identifying the extent to which family context (Álvarez‐Aguado et al, 2019; Taylor et al, 2019), parenting style (DuBois et al, 2020; Wehmeyer et al, 2011) and opportunities in the formal educational environment (Burke et al, 2020; Mumbardó‐Adam et al, 2017) condition the development of self‐determination. The results from these studies demonstrate that having siblings (Vicente et al, 2018), a more democratic parenting style (Wehmeyer et al, 2011) and a greater frequency of received support (Mumbardó‐Adam et al, 2017) strengthen their skills to evaluate the consequences of their own actions, trust in themselves and solve daily life problems.…”

“…These people have been targeted with interventions that focus almost exclusively on making choices and not on the other components (self‐advocacy skills, achievement expectations, self‐awareness, problem‐solving, goal setting, etc.) of self‐determination (Álvarez‐Aguado et al, 2019; Vega et al, 2020). Furthermore, from a life cycle perspective, self‐determination is critical as older age predicts lower self‐determination (McCarron et al, 2017; Wehmeyer & Garner, 2003).…”

“…Furthermore, from a life cycle perspective, self‐determination is critical as older age predicts lower self‐determination (McCarron et al, 2017; Wehmeyer & Garner, 2003). There are many other factors to consider such as whether Person‐Centred Planning processes are carried out and followed by actual Person‐Centred Practices (Heller, 2019), whether there are personal relationships that may influence the degree to which the person with an intellectual disability feels free to develop self‐determined behaviour (Sexton et al 2016), whether there are opportunities and supports from family members and/or professionals to exercise self‐determination (Álvarez‐Aguado et al, 2019; Kåhlin et al, 2016; McCausland et al, 2018). An additional issue is the emergence of mental health issues in old age (Behzadnia et al, 2020; Shogren et al, 2017).…”

Multinomial Logistic Regression to Estimate and Predict the Job Opportunities for People with Disabilities in Chile

“…In addition, investigations were conducted [38] regarding the way in which some people with disabilities can achieve self-determination through the relationship between beliefs, perceptions and parental attitudes towards self-determination, a construct that has become very popular because it supports the idea that the right course of action should be reflected in public policy.…”