Advanced Biomatrix Designs for Regenerative Therapy of Periodontal Tissues

Abstract

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that causes loss of the tooth-supporting apparatus, including periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. A broad range of treatment options is currently available to restore the structure and function of the periodontal tissues. A regenerative approach, among others, is now considered the most promising paradigm for this purpose, harnessing the unique properties of stem cells. How to make full use of the body's innate regenerative capacity is thus a key issue. While stem cells and bioactive factors are essential components in the regenerative processes, matrices play pivotal roles in recapitulating stem cell functions and potentiating therapeutic actions of bioactive molecules. Moreover, the positions of appropriate bioactive matrices relative to the injury site may stimulate the innate regenerative stem cell populations, removing the need to deliver cells that have been manipulated outside of the body. In this topical review, we update views on advanced designs of biomatrices-including mimicking of the native extracellular matrix, providing mechanical stimulation, activating cell-driven matrices, and delivering bioactive factors in a controllable manner-which are ultimately useful for the regenerative therapy of periodontal tissues.

Core–shell designed scaffolds for drug delivery and tissue engineering

“…A series of material actions that favor and even stimulate biological processes in the body in terms of orienting protein adsorption, guiding cellular anchorage and migration, and driving progenitor character into specified cellular lineages, have thus been substantially researched [1][2][3][4][5].…”

Effects of short-term inflammatory and/or hypoxic pretreatments on periodontal ligament stem cells: in vitro and in vivo studies

“…More than 3 decades have passed since the introduction of bone grafting materials, bioactive agents and the guided tissue regeneration (GTR) technique to save teeth and regenerate lost/damaged periodontal hybrid tissues, including alveolar bone, cementum and the periodontal ligament (PDL) (McClain and Schallhorn 2000;Chen et al 2009;Kim et al 2014). Unfortunately, functional regeneration of the diseased periodontal structure has not been successful thus far (Larsson et al 2016).…”

Active Nanofibrous Membrane Effects on Gingival Cell Inflammatory Response

“…After conventional periodontal therapy, wound healing corresponds more to tissue reparation than regeneration [1]. This absence of true regeneration is considered to be mainly due to the tissue competition between the different periodontal tissues (gingiva, cementum, and alveolar bone) and the various rate of proliferation, migration and differentiation of periodontal cells during wound healing [2,3].…”

“…Initially, membranes were used as physical barriers between gingiva and underlying periodontal tissues, to allow cementum and bone forming cells to migrate onto the root surface and adequately form connective attachment [1]. These membranes have also been used more or less successfully as controlled delivery systems for growth factors.…”