Advanced Design and Synthesis of Composite Photocatalysts for the Remediation of Wastewater: A Review

Ge, Jianlong; Zhang, Yifan; Heo, Young-Jung; Park, Soo‐Jin

doi:10.3390/catal9020122

Cited by 212 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 122 publications

(189 reference statements)

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“…Taking into consideration the position of CB and VB in two coupled semiconductors (A and B), three types of heterojunctions can be distinguished [177,178]:…”

Section: Composite Semiconductor Photoelectrode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taking into consideration the position of CB and VB in two coupled semiconductors (A and B), three types of heterojunctions can be distinguished [177,178]: (1) type I with straddling gap-CB in semiconductor A is higher than CB in semiconductor B, while VB in semiconductor A is lower than VB in semiconductor B;…”

Section: Composite Semiconductor Photoelectrode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aforementioned heterojunctions are not the only heterojunctions of semiconductors applied in wastewater treatment as photoelectrodes. The new generation of heterojunctions includes [177]:…”

Section: Composite Semiconductor Photoelectrode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Semiconductor Electrode Materials Applied in Photoelectrocatalytic Wastewater Treatment—an Overview

Kuśmierek

2020

Catalysts

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Industrial sources of environmental pollution generate huge amounts of industrial wastewater containing various recalcitrant organic and inorganic pollutants that are hazardous to the environment. On the other hand, industrial wastewater can be regarded as a prospective source of fresh water, energy, and valuable raw materials. Conventional sewage treatment systems are often not efficient enough for the complete degradation of pollutants and they are characterized by high energy consumption. Moreover, the chemical energy that is stored in the wastewater is wasted. A solution to these problems is an application of photoelectrocatalytic treatment methods, especially when they are coupled with energy generation. The paper presents a general overview of the semiconductor materials applied as photoelectrodes in the treatment of various pollutants. The fundamentals of photoelectrocatalytic reactions and the mechanism of pollutants treatment as well as parameters affecting the treatment process are presented. Examples of different semiconductor photoelectrodes that are applied in treatment processes are described in order to present the strengths and weaknesses of the photoelectrocatalytic treatment of industrial wastewater. This overview is an addition to the existing knowledge with a particular focus on the main experimental conditions employed in the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of various pollutants with the application of semiconductor photoelectrodes.

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“…Taking into consideration the position of CB and VB in two coupled semiconductors (A and B), three types of heterojunctions can be distinguished [177,178]:…”

Section: Composite Semiconductor Photoelectrode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Composite Semiconductor Photoelectrode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Semiconductor Electrode Materials Applied in Photoelectrocatalytic Wastewater Treatment—an Overview

Kuśmierek

2020

Catalysts

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“…To address such issues and towards making the α-Fe2O3@TiO2 to work efficiently, Lin et al [112] developed TiO2 with abundant oxygen vacancies via self-doping, which greatly shifted the VB edge position to 2.50 eV (vs. NHE), which is very close to that of α-Fe2O3 (2.48 eV) and unaltered CB position with respect to the CB position of α-Fe2O3, as shown in Figure 6c. However, despite the considerable amount of research that has been done on TiO2-based heterojunction photocatalyst, the carrier dynamics and their transportation, and thereby the photocatalytic process, should be studied in detail [113,114]. As aforementioned, the charge transportation mechanism in heterojunction structure is dependent upon the band-edge levels of the semiconductors forming the heterojunction.…”

Section: Hetero-junction Tiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the TiO2-Based Photocatalytic Systems and Their Mechanisms

2019

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Photocatalysis is a multifunctional phenomenon that can be employed for energy applications such as H2 production, CO2 reduction into fuels, and environmental applications such as pollutant degradations, antibacterial disinfection, etc. In this direction, it is not an exaggerated fact that TiO2 is blooming in the field of photocatalysis, which is largely explored for various photocatalytic applications. The deeper understanding of TiO2 photocatalysis has led to the design of new photocatalytic materials with multiple functionalities. Accordingly, this paper exclusively reviews the recent developments in the modification of TiO2 photocatalyst towards the understanding of its photocatalytic mechanisms. These modifications generally involve the physical and chemical changes in TiO2 such as anisotropic structuring and integration with other metal oxides, plasmonic materials, carbon-based materials, etc. Such modifications essentially lead to the changes in the energy structure of TiO2 that largely boosts up the photocatalytic process via enhancing the band structure alignments, visible light absorption, carrier separation, and transportation in the system. For instance, the ability to align the band structure in TiO2 makes it suitable for multiple photocatalytic processes such as degradation of various pollutants, H2 production, CO2 conversion, etc. For these reasons, TiO2 can be realized as a prototypical photocatalyst, which paves ways to develop new photocatalytic materials in the field. In this context, this review paper sheds light into the emerging trends in TiO2 in terms of its modifications towards multifunctional photocatalytic applications.

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“…Since the first report about the potential of photocatalytic technology in removal of organic pollutants from an aqueous system (Carey, Lawrence, & Tosine, ), photocatalytic technology has been investigated for more than forty years. Up to now, a large number of academic literatures were published with respect to photocatalysts (Ge, Zhang, Heo, & Park, ), reactors (Leblebici, Stefanidis, & Gerven, ), and mechanisms (Bora & Mewada, ), and these reported results confirmed most refractory organics may be decomposed by reactive oxygen species from photocatalytic process. However, the practical application of photocatalysis in water or wastewater treatment was very difficult to implement (Loeb et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Fabrication of a double‐helical photocatalytic module for disinfection and antibiotics degradation

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2019

Water Environment Research

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A double‐helical photocatalytic module was fabricated via an annealing process following an anodic oxidation procedure, and installed into a commercial UV sterilizer to structure continuous‐flow photocatalytic device. Benefiting from the superior mass transfer of double‐helical structure to common flat plate or corrugated plate, as well as the improved adhesion between Ti support and TiO2 layer, the photocatalytic device displayed potential in practical disinfection and degradation of organics. During photocatalytic disinfection process with 21 mJ/cm2 of UV dose, the concentration of Escherichia coli decreased from 1.71 × 107 CFU/L (typical for municipal wastewater) in influent to 2,720 CFU/L in effluent water, which met the wastewater discharged standard of China. Escherichia coli reactivation ratio for the photocatalytic device was only one‐tenth of that for UV sterilizer. Furthermore, taking phenol, bisphenol A, and four antibiotics as targets, the device was demonstrated to promote the degradation of photodegradable pollutants via photocatalysis. These results highlight a feasibility of photocatalytic technology as a supporting role in practical wastewater treatment. Practitioner points TiO2 nanotube array was embedded in the surface of double‐helical Ti support to avoid detachment. This double‐helical photocatalytic module was installed into a commercial UV sterilizer to structure a continuous‐flow device. The continuous‐flow device was effective in sterilizing bacteria and decomposing photodegradable organic pollutants in wastewater. Improving the performance of UV technology was proposed as a feasible approach for the practical application of photocatalysis.

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Advanced Design and Synthesis of Composite Photocatalysts for the Remediation of Wastewater: A Review

Cited by 212 publications

References 122 publications

Semiconductor Electrode Materials Applied in Photoelectrocatalytic Wastewater Treatment—an Overview

Semiconductor Electrode Materials Applied in Photoelectrocatalytic Wastewater Treatment—an Overview

Insights into the TiO2-Based Photocatalytic Systems and Their Mechanisms

Fabrication of a double‐helical photocatalytic module for disinfection and antibiotics degradation

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