Advanced electrochemical nanobiosensor for ultraefficient Annexin A2 biomarker detection: A rapid, label free and minimal invasive approach towards early diagnosis of liver cancer

Hemocompatible Functionalized Hydrogen Substituted Graphdiyne Based Highly Durable Biosensor for Liver Cancer Detection

“…As evident from the calibration plot obtained in Figure (e), it can be seen that an increasing trend was followed upon increasing ANXA2 concentrations from 100 fg mL –1 to 100 ng mL –1 , and the curve followed eq . The increasing slope may be due to the confirmational changes occurring in the ANXA2 protein due to immunoreactions between anti-ANXA2 and ANXA2. , Further, the amino acid sequence of the ANXA2 protein was obtained from the NCBI protein database (accession: BAA00013.1) and shown in Figure S4. The sequence shows four cysteine (C) residues in the ANXA2 protein out of which two (Cys-8 and Cys-334) are placed adjacent to positively charged amino acid fragments, which makes them highly reactive .…”

“…23 Studies have shown that this biomarker is secreted in LC patients with high specificity and sensitivity which returns high diagnostic accuracy of ∼92%. 31 Thus, we have used the ANXA2 biomarker as a proficient indicator to detect LC at early stages.…”

“…The ultimate tool for validation of the disease in small lesions (<3 cm) is discovered through biopsy, where all the other surveillance techniques fall short. However, biopsy itself presents a major obstacle as a diagnostic selection tool due to its highly invasive origin. , This demands the necessity of a simpler, user-friendly, minimal invasive, economical, quick, and accurate method that is capable of precisely detecting even small lesions. Biomarkers unfold an outstanding mechanism to compete with all these convoluted procedures.…”

“…Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is one such biomarker which is capable of showing elevated levels in serum of LC subjects even at early stages (lesion size <3 cm). , This biomarker has a well-defined threshold value of 18 ng mL –1 that goes up to ≥500 ng mL –1 in LC infected patients . Studies have shown that this biomarker is secreted in LC patients with high specificity and sensitivity which returns high diagnostic accuracy of ∼92% . Thus, we have used the ANXA2 biomarker as a proficient indicator to detect LC at early stages.…”

“…This poses a major challenge in diagnosing the disease at early stages since the ill can take even up to one year to grow large-sized nodules . Besides low accuracy, these tests also face obstructions in terms of high cost, nonsuitability of contrast agent, requirement of skilled radiologist, time consumption, and technical complexity . The ultimate tool for validation of the disease in small lesions (<3 cm) is discovered through biopsy, where all the other surveillance techniques fall short.…”