Advanced High-Strength Steels for Automotive Applications: Arc and Laser Welding Process, Properties, and Challenges

Perka, Ashok Kumar; John, Merbin; Kuruveri, Udaya Bhat; Menezes, Pradeep L.

doi:10.3390/met12061051

Cited by 39 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 135 publications

(178 reference statements)

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“…Five distinct regions at the cross-section of a typical TIG weld were identified: (i) the fusion zone (FZ); (ii) the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ); (iii) the region composed of two sub heat-affected zones (FGHAZ + ICHAZ) [ 34 ], i.e. fine-grained heat-affected zone (FGHAZ, T > A 3 ) and inter-critical heat-affected zone (ICHAZ, A 1 < T < A 3 ); (iv) the sub-critical heat-affected zone (SCHAZ [ 35 ], T < A 1 ); and (v) the base material (BM). Figure 3 a shows these five regions schematically and verified experimentally as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of thermomechanical welding on the microstructure and mechanical properties of S700MC steel welds

Wang,

Gomes,

Warchomicka

et al. 2024

Weld World

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Grain refinement by plastic deformation during conventional TIG welding can help to compensate for the loss of mechanical properties of welded joints. The thermomechanical welding (TMW) tests were performed on S700MC steel with different combinations of TIG arc energy and high frequency hammering over three target cooling times (t8/5 = 5s, 15s, and 25s). Additionally, the effect of initial microstructures on the weld joint quality was analysed by testing three materials conditions: hot-rolled (as-received) and cold-rolled with 10% and 30% thickness reductions, respectively. The effects of plastic deformation and the mechanical vibration on the grain refinement were studied separately. Optical microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction, and Vickers hardness were used to characterise the weld microstructure heterogeneity. The weld width and depth and the mean grain size were correlated as the function of cooling time t8/5. The results show that the weld dimensions increase with increasing the t8/5. The weld microstructures transformed from the mixed martensite and bainite into mixed ferrite and bainite with increasing the t8/5 time, and the related mean grain size increased gradually. The TMW welds exhibit smaller grains compared to TIG welds due to the coupled effects of mechanical vibration and plastic deformation. The mechanical vibration contributes to weld metal homogenisation, accelerating TiN precipitation in the fusion zone. The proposed TMW process can refine the weld microstructure of S700MC steel, enhancing its mechanical properties.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of thermomechanical welding on the microstructure and mechanical properties of S700MC steel welds

Wang,

Gomes,

Warchomicka

et al. 2024

Weld World

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“…Figure 5 shows the geometric modeling and material section of the automobile and pillars. The automobile geometry for used for simulation had the same dimensions as an automobile: 4580 × 1820 × 1250 mm 3 . As an actual automobile, the shell model was used and the element type was set to S4 to reduce the hourglass effect and enable detailed Figure 5 shows the geometric modeling and material section of the automobile and pillars.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In light of global environmental concerns, the automobile industry has become increasingly interested in fuel efficiency and weight reduction. With increasing demand for technological development to achieve high performance and high fuel efficiency, research on the application of advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) for automobile components has progressed [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Collision Toughness and Energy Distribution for Hot Press Forming Center Pillar Applied with Combination Techniques of Patchwork and Partial Softening Using Side Crash Simulation

Lee

Jin²,

Suh³

et al. 2022

Metals

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Various techniques can be applied to center pillars to enhance collision characteristics during side crashes. For instance, patchwork (PW) can be welded to the center pillar to increase its stiffness, and partial softening (PS) can be applied to provide ductility. Side crash tests are conducted by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) to evaluate collision resistance. However, it is difficult to evaluate collision toughness and energy distribution flow for each automobile component. In this study, a side crash simulation was performed with IIHS instruction. We investigated the effect of hot press forming (HPF) a center pillar with a combination of PW and PS techniques on collision toughness and energy distribution flow. As a result, the role of PW and PS techniques were verified during side crashes. PW improved the strain energy and intrusion displacement by 10% and 7.5%, respectively, and PS improved the plastic deformation energy and intrusion displacement by 10%. When PW and PS were applied to the HPF center pillar simultaneously, a synergistic effect was achieved.

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“…Considering this, the recommended carbon content should be below 0.1%, which is preferably prioritized if compared to a high carbon equivalent [6,31]. However, due to the production cost, the first alloying component usually used to increase the strength of steel is carbon [32][33][34][35][36].…”

Section: Materials Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of GMAW Process Parameters in Ultra-High-Strength Steel Based on Prediction

Netto

Bayock

Kah

2023

Metals

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Ultra-high-strength steel (UHSS) is a complex and sophisticated material that allows the development of products with reduced weight but increased strength and can assist, for example, in the automotive industry, saving fuel in vehicles and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. Welding UHSS has a certain complexity, mainly due to the higher alloys and heat treatments involved, which can result in a microstructure with higher sensitivity to welding. The primary purpose of the current work was to select the best parameters of the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) for welding the S960 material based on prediction methods. To achieve the expected results, a finite element analysis (FEA) was used to simulate and evaluate the results. It was found that the welding parameters and, consequently, the heat input derived from the process greatly affected the UHSS microstructure. Using FEA and estimating the extension of the heat-affected zone (HAZ), the peak temperature, and even the effect of distortion and shrinkage was possible. With an increase in the heat input of 8.4 kJ/cm, the estimated cooling rate was around 70 °C/s. The presence of a softening area in the coarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of welded joints was identified. These results led to an increase in the carbon content (3.4%) compared to the base metal. These results could help predict behaviors or microstructures based on a few changes in the welding parameters.

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Advanced High-Strength Steels for Automotive Applications: Arc and Laser Welding Process, Properties, and Challenges

Cited by 39 publications

References 135 publications

The effect of thermomechanical welding on the microstructure and mechanical properties of S700MC steel welds

The effect of thermomechanical welding on the microstructure and mechanical properties of S700MC steel welds

Investigation of Collision Toughness and Energy Distribution for Hot Press Forming Center Pillar Applied with Combination Techniques of Patchwork and Partial Softening Using Side Crash Simulation

Optimization of GMAW Process Parameters in Ultra-High-Strength Steel Based on Prediction

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