2014
DOI: 10.1109/jproc.2014.2316823
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Advanced Lead–Acid Batteries and the Development of Grid-Scale Energy Storage Systems

Abstract: This paper presents a summary of advances in lead-acid batteries and the deployment of energy storage systems utilizing advanced lead-acid batteries for renewable-energy and grid applications.

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Cited by 107 publications
(60 citation statements)
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“…While the entire six cell commercial battery case was populated with plates, only a single cell was filled with electrolyte. The fill electrolyte was H 2 SO 4 with a starting specific gravity of 1.295 g/cm 3 , increased to 1.302 g/cm 3 through the addition of Na 2 SO 4 . Once the cell was filled, the battery case was sealed, and the cell connected to external leads.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…While the entire six cell commercial battery case was populated with plates, only a single cell was filled with electrolyte. The fill electrolyte was H 2 SO 4 with a starting specific gravity of 1.295 g/cm 3 , increased to 1.302 g/cm 3 through the addition of Na 2 SO 4 . Once the cell was filled, the battery case was sealed, and the cell connected to external leads.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…3 Stationary applications may require short duration, high-rate, and partial state-of-charge cycling (HRPSoC). 4 Under HRPSoC duty, conventional VRLA cells fail prematurely from irreversible PbSO 4 formation within the negative plates.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Both Lead-Acid and Gel batteries are studied in this work and is assumed that the PV system owner does the lead-acid battery maintenance to lower the initial investment values. It is assumed that the autonomy capacity for all the systems is of 1 day (5 hours of consumption) and the Depth of Discharge is 50% providing a lifecycle of approximately 8 years for the lead-acid batteries and 12 years for the gel batteries [5], [6]. The consumer behaviour determines the relation between the contracted power (CP) and the PV system size because of the instantaneous net-metering scheme that is applied in the self-consumption regime in Portugal.…”
Section: A Irr Dpbp and Profitability Indexmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Currently lead-acid batteries have an 8-year lifecycle while gel batteries have a 12-year lifecycle. This work considers both battery types [5], [6].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, these types of batteries are manufactured at low cost, with robust recycling production system, and have easy maintenance when compared with other power storage systems (MATTESON;WILLIAMS, 2015;GONZÁLEZ et al 2012). Its main applications are as a power source for starting, ignition and lighting vehicles, the traction electric vehicles, no-break systems, in alarm systems and emergency lighting, telephone exchanges and electrical substations, featuring applications known as start-up, tractionary and stationary, respectively (MCKEON, 2014;MACLEAN;LAVE, 2003).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%