Advanced Medical Use of Three-Dimensional Imaging in Congenital Heart Disease: Augmented Reality, Mixed Reality, Virtual Reality, and Three-Dimensional Printing

Abstract

Recently improved three-dimensional (3D) cardiac imaging technologies are triggering the medical use of advanced visualization techniques including augmented reality, mixed reality, virtual reality, and 3D printing. The driving factor is the vast number of 3D cardiac images, acquired from patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), serving as a source of data for these new visualization techniques. Non-invasive visualization of accurate patient-specific cardiovascular anatomy is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of CHD, not only for accessing morphological complexity but also due to the difficulty deciding among the available treatment

Significant applications of virtual reality for COVID-19 pandemic

“…Virtual reality productively helps COVID-19 patients with chronic pains to achieve relief. 3 VR based mobile application for COVID-19 VR-based mobile applications help in the treatment of infection diseases that helps in solving a lot of medical problems. 4 VR based stay for patients during long in-hospital treatment Virtual reality approach based glasses can help to get rid of any stress caused by staying at the hospital.…”

“…The first virtual reality-based environment, for the learning and handling of surgical treatments, has been originated in the 1990s and reported VR as a very cost-effective approach which also allows the medical learners to identify and minimize the errors that occur at any stage of their learnings. In the 20th century, the concept of virtual reality had further been employed in physical recuperation cases where it has again been proven as a superior quality approach along with the high effectiveness [3,4]. In recent years, the conception of virtual reality has been broadly employed in the domain of the health sector and effectively proposed in various diseases too.…”

Three-dimensional imaging and three-dimensional printing for plastic preparation of medical interventions

“…The source image was a time-of-flight MRI angiography (exemplary volume rendering in b).Only vague depiction of the true extent of pathology, a complex left-sided dural arteriovenous fistula, was possible with the 3D model tional 3D printing of anatomic models for surgical planning of complex congenital heart defects changed the surgical decision in nearly 50% of cases as compared to conventional planning by multimodality 3D imaging (CT, MRI, and 3D echocardiography) with virtual 3D image reconstruction by imaging specialists [38]. Goo et al conducted an in-depth comparison between different medical imaging-derived 3D visualization techniques and 3D printing for congenital heart disease and also point out that the soughtafter tangibility of printed 3D models is unparalleled by other methods [18]. In line with this, the authors wish to em-phasize that medical 3D printing applications should always be compared to expertly performed virtual 3D reconstruction, presentation, and procedure planning by imaging specialists.…”

“…Excess material and debris of the production process might classify as hazardous waste. Recycling of unused materials is not an option in many cases for quality reasons [18]. Thus, the extent and quality of 3D printing should, in the authors' opinion, be monitored to avoid excess printing, particularly if the product is intentionally short lived or of questionable appropriateness, bearing the likelihood of forming the waste of tomorrow without justification through an increased quality of patient care.…”

Blandet virkelighet – ny bildeteknologi i klinisk utprøving

“…av individuelle hjertemodeller. Utvidet virkelighet sammenliknes nå med 3D-utskrifter for å definere bruksområder (6). Oslo universitetssykehus fikk i 2017 briller med programvare for blandet virkelighet.…”