2018
DOI: 10.1186/s13073-018-0584-8
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Advanced model systems and tools for basic and translational human immunology

Abstract: There are fundamental differences between humans and the animals we typically use to study the immune system. We have learned much from genetically manipulated and inbred animal models, but instances in which these findings have been successfully translated to human immunity have been rare. Embracing the genetic and environmental diversity of humans can tell us about the fundamental biology of immune cell types and the elasticity of the immune system. Although people are much more immunologically diverse than … Show more

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Cited by 80 publications
(65 citation statements)
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References 179 publications
(157 reference statements)
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“…The murine models that currently are closest to mimicking the human immune system are humanized mouse models, which have the most promise in testing the antitumor effects in immunotherapy strategies [188]. Humanized mouse models are developed using genetic, tissue, or environmental engineering methods, and have many immunologic factors that resemble humans [189]. However, the utility of a given model for studying RIHD is dependent on the method and type of immune engraftment.…”
Section: Radiation Therapy and The Immune Responsementioning
confidence: 99%
“…The murine models that currently are closest to mimicking the human immune system are humanized mouse models, which have the most promise in testing the antitumor effects in immunotherapy strategies [188]. Humanized mouse models are developed using genetic, tissue, or environmental engineering methods, and have many immunologic factors that resemble humans [189]. However, the utility of a given model for studying RIHD is dependent on the method and type of immune engraftment.…”
Section: Radiation Therapy and The Immune Responsementioning
confidence: 99%
“…For example, given that the anti-FVIII immune response is most likely to develop during initial infusions of infants and toddlers, there is limited availability of the required blood volumes for mechanistic studies of inhibitor development in humans. Yet, these studies are vital to understand the basis of different clinical outcomes, especially given the many differences between the diverse human population vs. other species, notably inbred mice (188). The number of cells available from genetically well-characterized mice, and even large animal models, can also be a limiting factor for studies, e.g., when attempting to characterize splenic marginal zone cells, or vascular and sinusoidal endothelial cells.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A proxy approach, allowing dynamical investigation of tissue-specific immune responses, is the use of human organoid cultures, where some aspects of the tissue-specific immune system can be ascertained (Clevers 2016). Some of these model systems can now be used to investigate local immune responses to microbial pathogens, for example, in intestinal and lung organoid cultures (Heo et al 2018), and tonsil organoids can be used to investigate antigen-specific T-and B-cell responses in vitro (Wagar et al 2018). Such tools promise to offer more insights into vaccine responses and immune responses to tumors in humans and will allow dynamical investigation into regulatory properties with tissue-specific niches.…”
Section: Layers Of Investigation In Human Immunologymentioning
confidence: 99%