Advanced Point‐of‐Care Testing Technologies for Human Acute Respiratory Virus Detection

Abstract

system leading to respiratory tract infections (respiratory viruses, RVs). These diseases have the highest morbidity and fatality rates among acute infectious diseases and have caused a series of pandemics throughout human history. The first recorded RV occurred in 1200 BC, and subsequent major RVs have included the 1918 influenza virus, [1] severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), [2][3][4][5] 2009 swine flu (H1N1), [6] Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, [7,8] and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), [9,10] which together have cost billions of lives (Figure 1). [11,12] The epidemics mentioned above impose a significant burden on healthcare systems and the global economy. [13,14] The recurrence of RV epidemics could result from their ubiquitous transmission routes, including direct transmission by sneezing, airborne/aerosol transmission by droplets from infected persons, and transmission by hand-to-eye/nose/mouth contact spreading RVs potentially from contaminated surfaces (handles, elevators, commonly used shared areas, and shopping bags) to an uninfected person. [15][16][17] The major RV types are influenza virus, coronavirus (CoV), adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus,The ever-growing global threats to human life caused by the human acute respiratory virus (RV) infections have cost billions of lives, created a significant economic burden, and shaped society for centuries. The timely response to emerging RVs could save human lives and reduce the medical care burden. The development of RV detection technologies is essential for potentially preventing RV pandemic and epidemics. However, commonly used detection technologies lack sensitivity, specificity, and speed, thus often failing to provide the rapid turnaround times. To address this problem, new technologies are devised to address the performance inadequacies of the traditional methods. These emerging technologies offer improvements in convenience, speed, flexibility, and portability of point-of-care test (POCT). Herein, recent developments in POCT are comprehensively reviewed for eight typical acute respiratory viruses. This review discusses the challenges and opportunities of various recognition and detection strategies and discusses these according to their detection principles, including nucleic acid amplification, optical POCT, electrochemistry, lateral flow assays, microfluidics, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and microarrays. The importance of limits of detection, throughput, portability, and specificity when testing clinical samples in resource-limited settings is emphasized. Finally, the evaluation of commercial POCT kits for both essential RV diagnosis and clinical-oriented practices is included.

Salviae miltiorrhizae Liguspyragine Hydrochloride and Glucose Injection Protects against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Heart Failure

“…Considering oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of MIR injury, we measured the changes of oxidative stress-associated marker molecules including malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) upon SGI treatment. The results showed that SGI downregulated the MDA level and upregulated the SOD activity both in the serum and in the myocardial tissue (Figure S2 e-f, h-i), suggesting that SGI attenuated the oxidative stress under MIR condition [ 33 – 35 ].…”

Forecasting the transmission trends of respiratory infectious diseases with an exposure-risk-based model at the microscopic level

“…At present, a growing number of countries have moved into a post-pandemic phase, i.e., the overall spread of COVID-19 has been controlled, but intermittent small-scale outbreaks still occur ( Jin et al, 2021 ). COVID-19 is a respiratory infectious disease (RID) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ( Zhang et al, 2022a , Zhang et al, 2022b ). RID poses a huge threat to the population and public health, and recent studies have found that the loss of life expectancy due to RID stood at 1.29 years in 2017 globally ( Huang and Guo, 2022 ).…”

Dual-site ligation-assisted loop-mediated isothermal amplification (dLig-LAMP) for colorimetric and point-of-care determination of real SARS-CoV-2

“…Nevertheless, it has several drawbacks in point-of-care detection: namely, it is time-consuming and demands expensive instrumentation [ 10 ]. Thus, many alternative methods have been developed for simple and rapid point-of-care detection [ 11 , 12 ]. For the purpose of viral RNA detection, new techniques for rapid isothermal amplification, which is pivotal in rapid point-of-care detection, have been realized using, for example, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) [ 13 – 15 ], rolling circle amplification (RCA) [ 16 , 17 ], and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) [ 18 , 19 ].…”