Advanced Pulmonary Sarcoidosis

Gupta, Rohit; Baughman, Robert P.

doi:10.1055/s-0040-1709495

Cited by 23 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…Although any organ-system in the body can be affected, sarcoidosis mostly occurs in the respiratory system, specifically in the lung tissue (177). Pulmonary sarcoidosis (PS) presents various clinical phenotypes and its severity can range from asymptomatic to fatal, due to disease complications, including respiratory failure (177)(178). The diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis is based on the exclusion of other conditions and still remains complicated (179).…”

Section: Pulmonary Sarcoidosis and Ace I/d Polymorphismmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact ofACEandACE2Gene Polymorphisms in Pulmonary Diseases Including COVID-19

Gintoni

Αδαμοπούλου

Yapijakis

2021

In Vivo

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Chronic and acute respiratory diseases pose a major problem for public health worldwide due to the high morbidity and mortality rates, while treatment options remain mostly symptomatic. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in lung tissue, regulating pulmonary circulation and blood pressure, but also contributing to normal pulmonary function and development. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and its homologous angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) are considered to be amongst the main RAS regulators and are highly expressed in the pulmonary vascular endothelium. This review discusses the impact of ACE and ACE2 functional gene polymorphisms on seven major pulmonary diseases, in terms of predisposition, course, and outcome, revealing their potential utility as both genetic markers and biomarkers. The discussed conditions include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary hypertension (PH), asthma, acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), lung cancer and pulmonary sarcoidosis (PS), as well as SARS-CoV-2 viral infection and COVID-19 disease.Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) have been among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality around the globe for the last two decades (1-3). Their constantly increasing rates of occurrence may vary both between the genders, but also between different regions and socio-economic backgrounds (4). Nevertheless, the common denominator includes the deterioration of patients' quality of life that can often lead to several years of disability. The main CRDs are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary hypertension (PH), asthma and lung cancer, with COPD alone being the third leading cause of death worldwide, as reported in 2010 (1,5,6).On the other hand, acute lung diseases with an infectional etiology, pose a significant threat not only to lung health but also to human life (7). A recent great example is the 2019 outbreak of the novel coronavirus strain SARS-CoV-2 in China, causing the extremely infectious disease COVID-19, that led to a global pandemic and to millions of deaths, mainly due to severe respiratory complications (8, 9). So far, therapeutic approaches are mainly symptomatic, while knowledge on the exact pathogenetic mechanisms for complex lung-diseases remains limited. Consequently, prevention is predominantly based on general lifestyle guidelines, whereas the establishment of a priori personalized preventive measures, according to an individual's genetic predisposition, is still in its infancy (1, 5). Nevertheless, there are important known genetic markers that may be utilized for their predictive value.The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), in addition to its great importance for the overall homeostasis of the body, through the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance, has a strong tissue-specific expression in the respiratory tract and functions both autonomously and 13 This article is freely accessible online.

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Section: Pulmonary Sarcoidosis and Ace I/d Polymorphismmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact ofACEandACE2Gene Polymorphisms in Pulmonary Diseases Including COVID-19

Gintoni

Αδαμοπούλου

Yapijakis

2021

In Vivo

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“…Pulmonary sarcoidosis accounts for most of the morbidity, mortality, and health care use associated with sarcoidosis. 39,40…”

Section: Pulmonary Sarcoidosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 10% to 30% of cases, the lungs undergo progressive fibrosis. 40 Nonresolving inflammation appears to be the major cause of fibrosis and the peribronchovascular localization leading to marked bronchial distortion.…”

Section: Irreversiblementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, longitudinal monitoring with testing may provide useful management and prognostic information. 40 Pulmonary function can remain stable in fibrotic sarcoidosis over extended periods and actually can improve in some patients. 49 Serial spirometry, particularly forced vital capacity, is the most reliable tool for monitoring; when a decline in measurement occurs, chest radiography can elucidate the mechanism.…”

Section: A B C D E Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Advanced pulmonary disease (known as APS) occurs in a small proportion of patients with sarcoidosis but accounts for most of the poor outcomes in sarcoidosis. 40 APS is variably defined, but it generally includes pulmonary fibrosis, SAPH, and respiratory infection.…”

Section: Determining Prognosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sarcoidosis: An FP’s primer on an enigmatic disease

Gupta¹

2021

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Sarcoidosis

Marcoval,

Mañá

2024

Rook's Textbook of Dermatology

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Sarcoidosis is an antigen‐mediated disease of unknown aetiology characterised by the presence of non‐caseating epithelioid cell granulomas in multiple organs. It involves mainly the lungs, mediastinal and peripheral lymph nodes, eyes and skin. Less frequent but usually severe manifestations can occur in the liver, spleen, central nervous system, heart, upper respiratory tract and bones. Cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis may be specific, showing histopathologically sarcoid granulomas, or non‐specific, mainly erythema nodosum. Cutaneous lesions are frequently the presentation of the disease and skin biopsy enables early diagnosis. Moreover, some types of lesions have prognostic significance and may help to predict the outcome of the systemic disease.

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Advanced Pulmonary Sarcoidosis

Cited by 23 publications

References 122 publications

The Impact ofACEandACE2Gene Polymorphisms in Pulmonary Diseases Including COVID-19

The Impact ofACEandACE2Gene Polymorphisms in Pulmonary Diseases Including COVID-19

Sarcoidosis: An FP’s primer on an enigmatic disease

Sarcoidosis

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