“…As such, David made close NS friends and found a girlfriend from the US, Jeff enrolled in the theatre club, and Emma joined a music band and participated in volunteering projects with NSs. These findings echo case study investigations that have explored the association of pragmatic gains with SA students' socializing practices (Diao, 2011;Kinginger, 2008;Shively, 2008;Taguchi, 2011b), as well as with their personalities (Shimura, 2003;Taguchi, 2014), finding a positive influence of both variables on pragmatic learning. For example, in Kinginger and Farrell's (2004) Participants' identity, that is, the desire to maintain their heritage identity or adopt that of the TL society, also seemed to influence pragmatic gains in the present study.…”