The traveling‐wave tube (TWT) is a vacuum device invented in the early 1940s [1,2] used for amplification at microwave frequencies. Amplification is attained by surrendering kinetic energy from an electron beam to a radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic wave. The demand for vacuum devices has been decreasing largely owing to the advent of solid‐state devices. However, although solid state devices have replaced vacuum devices in many areas, there are still many applications such as radar, electronic countermeasures, and satellite communications that require operating characteristics such as high power (watts to megawatts), high frequency (below 1GHz to over 100 GHz), high efficiency (65% efficient, 100 Watt, Kaband TWTs are commonplace), and large bandwidth that only vacuum devices can provide.
The term traveling‐wave tube includes both fast‐wave and slow‐wave devices. This article will concentrate on slow‐wave devices as the vast majority of TWTs in operation around the world fall into thiscategory.