“…Recently, lead-acid and Li-ion batteries have been considered as the two types of the most common energy storage batteries (ESB), showing lower storage efficiency and environmentally hazardous, high-cost, and risky flammable organic electrolytes, respectively, restricting and making them powerless to applications in practical large-scale energy storage applications (LSESA). 6,7 Among the most effective ESS for stationary applications, a special place is occupied by RFB technology, encompassing easy scalability of power density and energy capacity, low self-discharge, long cycle life, and cost efficiency to LSESA. [8][9][10] Relative to the traditional Li-ion ESB storing energy methods such as "rocking-chair type", RFB stores the electrical energy by virtue of the soluble redox couples, converting excess electrical energy to chemical energy and vice versa.…”