Advancement in Salmonella Detection Methods: From Conventional to Electrochemical-Based Sensing Detection

Abstract

Large-scale food-borne outbreaks caused by Salmonella are rarely seen nowadays, thanks to the advanced nature of the medical system. However, small, localised outbreaks in certain regions still exist and could possess a huge threat to the public health if eradication measure is not initiated. This review discusses the progress of Salmonella detection approaches covering their basic principles, characteristics, applications, and performances. Conventional Salmonella detection is usually performed using a culture-based method, which is time-consuming, labour intensive, and unsuitable for on-site testing and high-throughput analysis. To date, there are many detection methods with a unique detection system available for Salmonella detection utilising immunological-based techniques, molecular-based techniques, mass spectrometry, spectroscopy, optical phenotyping, and biosensor methods. The electrochemical biosensor has growing interest in Salmonella detection mainly due to its excellent sensitivity, rapidity, and portability. The use of a highly specific bioreceptor, such as aptamers, and the application of nanomaterials are contributing factors to these excellent characteristics. Furthermore, insight on the types of biorecognition elements, the principles of electrochemical transduction elements, and the miniaturisation potential of electrochemical biosensors are discussed.

A Novel Prototype Biosensor Array Electrode System for Detecting the Bacterial Pathogen Salmonella typhimurium

“…were used, as compared with the response when the same number of Salmonella cells was used, implies that the sensor surface with immobilized mouse anti- Salmonella monoclonal antibody (MCA) is specific for binding of Salmonella cells and will not permit non-selective binding of nonspecific bacterial cells that do not possess epitopes complementary to the immobilized antibody ( Figure 12 ). The results clearly show that a specific response signal is generated in the presence of more than 30 Salmonella cells, which represents an improvement in sensitivity over existing sensors currently on the market [ 4 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ]. Statistical one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was computed for pairs of data.…”

“…Electrochemical biosensors with three electrodes have already been shown capable of converting a chemical signal into an electrical signal [ 16 , 17 ]. In principle, secondary antibodies conjugated with enzymes bind to antigenic proteins already immobilized on the transducer in biosensors, and as a result of the interaction of the enzyme with the specific provided substrate, the chemical signal is converted into an electric signal, which can be measured using sensors [ 4 , 18 ]. In the two electrode systems described here, cadmium was used as the reference electrode, as opposed to the Ag/AgCI and Calomel electrodes used by previous workers [ 16 , 17 ].…”

“…The specificity of the immuno electrochemical biosensor in the presence of other nonspecific organisms was therefore demonstrated [ 42 , 57 , 64 , 65 ]. Multiple research projects [ 4 , 59 , 60 , 64 ] have lately focused on detecting Salmonella using standard analytical approaches such as an immunosensor. As demonstrated in this investigation, monoclonal antibodies are useful in the specific biosensor detection of Salmonella .…”

“…Salmonella is one of the major foodborne pathogens and all the species of Salmonella are known to be pathogenic, causing morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals [ 3 ]. Within the genus, Salmonella typhimurium causes gastroenteritis leading to diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and fever, while Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever, leading to complications including liver damage, swelling of the heart and gut and internal bleeding [ 4 ]. Early detection, diagnosis and treatment of Salmonella infections is important to control the spread of infection [ 5 ].…”

Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of Salmonellosis: Current Prospective and Challenges

“…Furthermore, the utilization of different nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), metallic nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles and organic nanoparticles enhances the detection limit in comparison with sensors with only molecular probes, antibodies or peptides [ 15 ]. Therefore, the selection of a bio-recognition element in combination with a nanomaterial is highly essential for electrochemical sensor development that would help with the sensitive and rapid detection of analytes [ 16 ].…”