Advancements in Biological Strategies for Controlling Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)

Abstract

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a primary environmental concern, threatening freshwater ecosystems and public health and causing economic damages in the billions of dollars annually. These blooms, predominantly driven by phytoplankton species like cyanobacteria, thrive in nutrient-rich, warm, and low-wind environments. Because of the adverse impacts of HABs, this review examines various control methods, focusing on biological strategies as sustainable solutions. While effective in disrupting algal populations, traditional chemical and physical interventions carry ecological risks and can be resource-intensive. Biological control methods, including biomanipulation and using algicidal microorganisms such as Streptococcus thermophiles, Myxobacteria, and Lopharia spadicea, emerge as eco-friendly alternatives offering long-term benefits. Additionally, barley and rice straw application has demonstrated efficacy in curbing HAB growth. These biological approaches work by inhibiting algal proliferation, disrupting cellular structures, and fostering algal cell aggregation. Despite their advantages over conventional methods, biological controls face challenges, including intricate ecological interactions. This article delves into the latest biological techniques aimed at eradicating HABs, intending to diminish their frequency and reduce toxin levels in aquatic environments. While most research to date has been confined to laboratory settings, scaling these methods to field applications presents hurdles due to the variability and complexity of natural ecosystems. The review underscores the need for further research and development in this critical area of environmental science.

Toward a Brighter Future: Enhanced Sustainable Methods for Preventing Algal Blooms and Improving Water Quality

“…Advocating for the continuous improvement of monitoring and management strategies, preceded by a comprehensive assessment of potential risks and benefits within various infrastructure contexts, is crucial for reducing the frequency and severity of HABs. Enhancing public awareness and education on the prevention and management of HABs is highlighted as essential [36,182].…”

“…These include the depletion of oxygen in the water, known as hypoxia; the production of toxins harmful to fish, wildlife, and humans; and significant disruptions to aquatic environments and local economies dependent on these waters [33][34][35]. In essence, while algae are critical to aquatic ecosystems, their unchecked growth during HABs can cause severe ecological and economic damage [32,36,37].…”

Ultrasonic control of aquatic macrophytes in reservoirs: An integrated review

“…Different species show varying resiliencies to the mechanical effects of acoustic cavitation, which can rupture cell membranes and tissues, implying the need for careful adjustments in the application of ultrasound (Lira et al, 2017;Moftakhari et al, 2022). While some species of fish and invertebrates show minimal or no change, other aquatic life forms, such as certain algae and zooplankton, may experience effects ranging from sublethal to lethal (Anabtawi et al, 2024;Jančula et al, 2014;Lürling & Tolman, 2014). Research, Society and Development, v. 13, n. 6, e2213645914, 2024 (CC BY 4.0) | ISSN 2525-3409 | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v13i6.45914 10…”