Advancements in nanomaterial based flame-retardants for polymers: A comprehensive overview

Sharma, Vinod; Agarwal, Shilpi; Mathur, Ashish; Singhal, Shailey; Wadhwa, Shikha

doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2023.12.010

Cited by 21 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…No correlation could be indicated between the concentrations themselves. The reason for the effect of reduced weight loss is probably due to the formation of a barrier layer for charcoal and the release of non-flammable gas during combustion, which significantly delayed the endothermic depolymerization of cellulose glucopyranose units [8,12,13,31,32]. The same ML of 15% was observed when MAP and DAP were used.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Fire Properties of Paper Sheets Made of Cellulose Fibers Treated with Various Retardants

Szubert,

Mazela,

Tomkowiak

et al. 2024

Materials

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This article presents the results of flame-retardancy tests conducted on cellulose sheets produced using a Rapid Köthen apparatus treated with retardants. The agents used were potassium carbonate (PC) K2CO3 (concentrations of 20; 33.3; and 50% wt/wt), monoammonium phosphate (MAP) NH4H2PO4 (concentrations of 35% wt/wt), diammonium phosphate (DAP) (NH4)2HPO4 (concentrations of 42.9% wt/wt), and bisguanidal phosphate (FOS) C2H10N6 (concentrations of 22.5% wt/wt). The agents were used to improve Kraft cellulose-based sheets’ flame-retardant properties and compare their performances. As part of the study, the flammability of the materials was determined by the following methods: an oxygen index (OI) test, a mass loss calorimeter (MLC) test, and a mini fire tube (MFT) test. All formulations showed an increase in flame retardancy compared to the control test. All protected samples were non-flammable for OI determinations, and DAP-protected samples showed the highest OI index. For the MLC test, DAP-protected and MAP-protected samples showed the best heat-release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), and average heat-release rate (ARHE) (samples did not ignite for 600 s). In the MFT test, all treated samples had comparably reduced weight loss. The best parameter was achieved for MAP and DAP (15% weight loss).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Guanidine salts are a type of flame retardant that does not contain halogens. Upon heating, guanidine salts release NH 3 or CO 2 to form a non-flammable charred layer [13,14]. As per the literature, guanidine salts have the potential to decrease the flammability of paper and its combustion rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Fire Properties of Paper Sheets Made of Cellulose Fibers Treated with Various Retardants

Szubert,

Mazela,

Tomkowiak

et al. 2024

Materials

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“…However, brominated flame retardants tend to release toxic gases or soot in the event of a fire and do harm to both the environment and human health [ 16 ]. With increasing concerns about the ecological environment, halogen-free retardants have increasingly drawn the attention of researchers and phosphorous-, nitrogen-, or silicon-containing flame-retardants have emerged in recent years [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Among the various halogen-free flame-retardants developed in recent decades, phosphorus-containing compounds are very attractive due to the merits of high flame-retarding performance and low toxicity [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame-Retardant GF-PSB/DOPO-POSS Composite with Low Dk/Df and High Thermal Stability for High-Frequency Copper Clad Applications

Zheng,

Zhang,

Qiu

et al. 2024

Polymers

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In the field of high-frequency communications devices, there is an urgent need to develop high-performance copper clad laminates (CCLs) with low dielectric loss (Df) plus good flame retardancy and thermal stability. The hydrocarbon resin styrene-butadiene block copolymer (PSB) was modified with the flame-retardant 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (DOPO-POSS) to meet the demands of high-frequency and high-speed applications. The resulting DOPO-POSS-modified PSB was used as the resin matrix along with other additives to fabricate PSB/DOPO-POSS laminates. At a high-frequency of 10 GHz, the laminates containing 20 wt.% of DOPO-POSS and with a thickness of 0.09 mm exhibited a Df of 0.00328, which is much lower compared with the commercial PSB/PX-200 composite (Df: 0.00498) and the PSB without flame retardancy (Df: 0.00453). Afterwards, glass fiber cloth (GF) was used as a reinforcing material to manufacture GF-PSB/DOPO-POSS composite laminates with a thickness of 0.25 mm. The flame retardancy of GF-PSB/DOPO-POSS composite laminate reached vertical burning (UL-94) V-1 grade, and GF-PSB/DOPO-POSS exhibited higher thermal and dynamic mechanical properties than GF-PSB/PX-200. The results of a limited oxygen index (LOI) and self-extinguishing time tests also demonstrated the superior flame-retardant performance of DOPO-POSS compared with PX-200. The investigation indicates that GF-PSB/DOPO-POSS composite laminates have significant potential for use in fabricating a printed circuit board (PCB) for high-frequency and high-speed applications.

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“…Several published reviews have noted significant progress in the potential applications of 2D nanomaterials in fire retardancy or fire warning [15][16][17]. However, a comprehensive and critical review addressing structural fire protection and fire alarm protection has been lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Flame Retardance and Fire-Warning Applications

Lin,

Yuan,

et al. 2024

Molecules

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Graphene-like 2D nanomaterials, such as graphene, MXene, molybdenum disulfide, and boron nitride, present a promising avenue for eco-friendly flame retardants. Their inherent characteristics, including metal-like conductivity, high specific surface area, electron transport capacity, and solution processability, make them highly suitable for applications in both structural fire protection and fire alarm systems. This review offers an up-to-date exploration of advancements in flame retardant composites, utilizing pristine graphene-like nanosheets, versatile graphene-like nanosheets with multiple functions, and collaborative systems based on these nanomaterials. Moreover, graphene-like 2D nanomaterials exhibit considerable potential in the development of early fire alarm systems, enabling timely warnings. This review provides an overview of flame-retarding and fire-warning mechanisms, diverse multifunctional nanocomposites, and the evolving trends in the development of fire alarm systems anchored in graphene-like 2D nanomaterials and their derivatives. Ultimately, the existing challenges and prospective directions for the utilization of graphene-like 2D nanomaterials in flame retardant and fire-warning applications are put forward.

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Advancements in nanomaterial based flame-retardants for polymers: A comprehensive overview

Cited by 21 publications

References 102 publications

Fire Properties of Paper Sheets Made of Cellulose Fibers Treated with Various Retardants

Fire Properties of Paper Sheets Made of Cellulose Fibers Treated with Various Retardants

Flame-Retardant GF-PSB/DOPO-POSS Composite with Low Dk/Df and High Thermal Stability for High-Frequency Copper Clad Applications

Recent Progress in Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Flame Retardance and Fire-Warning Applications

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