Advancements in wearable technology for monitoring lactate levels using lactate oxidase enzyme and free enzyme as analytical approaches: A review

Moradi, Sara; Firoozbakhtian, Ali; Hosseini, Morteza; Karaman, Onur; Kalikeri, Shankramma; Raja, G. Ganesh; Karimi-Maleh, Hassan

doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127577

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Biosen analyzers are available in two variants: single-channel and dual-channel glucose systems. These devices employ specialized chip sensor technology to achieve highly specific measurements ( Moradi et al, 2024 ).…”

Section: Invasive and Noninvasive Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, noninvasive technologies for collecting and analyzing biological fluids have been extensively researched to overcome these limitations and realize real-time monitoring. Tears, saliva, interstitial fluid (ISF), and sweat are typical bodily fluids that can be analyzed for metabolites in a completely noninvasive manner and thus suitable for use in clinical or sports settings ( Moradi et al, 2024 ) ( Figure 4 ).…”

Section: Invasive and Noninvasive Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For noninvasive monitoring, efficient sampling of the analyte, precise binding between the analyte and its receptor, and accurate signal transmission of the energy generated during the receptor-analyte reaction are crucial aspects ( Moradi et al, 2024 ). Additionally, such sensor technologies need to be compatible with wearable devices such that they do not hinder the performance of the wearer during physical activities.…”

Section: Sweat Glucose/lactate Biosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, colorimetric approaches offer the simplest way for athletes to assess their condition with minimal interruption to their training. Analytes such as AnNP used in colorimetry change color based on the concentration of the target compound, enabling users to easily identify their status ( Moradi et al, 2024 ). Kim et al (2022) introduced a technology where hydrogen peroxide produced by the reaction between lactate with LOx reduced polyaniline (PAni) in the form of emeraldine base (EB) to emeraldine salt (ES) to monitor lactate levels based on the color reflecting this change.…”

Section: Sweat Glucose/lactate Biosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wearable device for continuous sweat lactate monitoring in sports: a narrative review

Yang,

Hong,

Park

2024

Front. Physiol.

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In sports science, the use of wearable technology has facilitated the development of new approaches for tracking and assessing athletes’ performance. This narrative review rigorously explores the evolution and contemporary state of wearable devices specifically engineered for continuously monitoring lactate levels in sweat, an essential biomarker for appraising endurance performance. Lactate threshold tests have traditionally been integral in tailoring training intensity for athletes, but these tests have relied on invasive blood tests that are impractical outside a laboratory setting. The transition to noninvasive, real-time monitoring through wearable technology introduces an innovative approach, facilitating continuous assessment without the constraints inherent in traditional methodologies. We selected 34 products from a pool of 246 articles found through a meticulous search of articles published up to January 2024 in renowned databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. We used keywords such as “sweat lactate monitoring,” “continuous lactate monitoring,” and “wearable devices.” The findings underscore the capabilities of noninvasive sweat lactate monitoring technologies to conduct long-term assessments over a broad range of 0–100 mM, providing a safer alternative with minimal infection risks. By enabling real-time evaluations of the lactate threshold (LT) and maximal lactate steady state (MLSS), these technologies offer athletes various device options tailored to their specific sports and preferences. This review explores the mechanisms of currently available lactate monitoring technologies, focusing on electrochemical sensors that have undergone extensive research and show promise for commercialization. These sensors employ amperometric reactions to quantify lactate levels and detect changes resulting from enzymatic activities. In contrast, colorimetric sensors offer a more straightforward and user-friendly approach by displaying lactate concentrations through color alterations. Despite significant advancements, the relationship between sweat lactate and blood lactate levels remains intricate owing to various factors such as environmental conditions and the lag between exercise initiation and sweating. Furthermore, there is a marked gap in research on sweat lactate compared to blood lactate across various sports disciplines. This review highlights the need for further research to address these shortcomings and substantiate the performance of lactate sweat monitoring technologies in a broader spectrum of sports environments. The tremendous potential of these technologies to supplant invasive blood lactate tests and pioneer new avenues for athlete management and performance optimization in real-world settings heralds a promising future for integrating sports science and wearable technology.

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Section: Invasive and Noninvasive Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Invasive and Noninvasive Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sweat Glucose/lactate Biosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sweat Glucose/lactate Biosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wearable device for continuous sweat lactate monitoring in sports: a narrative review

Yang,

Hong,

Park

2024

Front. Physiol.

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Engineered Biomimetic Cancer Cell Membrane Nanosystems Trigger Gas‐Immunometabolic Therapy for Spinal‐Metastasized Tumors

Lu,

Liang,

et al. 2024

Advanced Materials

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Despite great progress in enhancing tumor immunogenicity, conventional gas therapy cannot effectively reverse the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (TIME), limiting immunotherapy. The development of therapeutic gases that are tumor microenvironment responsive and efficiently reverse the TIME for precisely targeted tumor gas‐immunometabolic therapy remains a great challenge. In this study, a novel cancer cell membrane‐encapsulated pH‐responsive nitric oxide (NO)‐releasing biomimetic nanosystem (MP@AL) is prepared. Lactate oxidase (Lox) in MP@AL consumed oxygen to promote the decomposition of lactate, a metabolic by‐product of tumor glycolysis, and the generation of H2O2, while L‐arginine (L‐Arg) in MP@AL is oxidized by H2O2 to generate nitric oxide (NO). For one thing, NO led to mitochondrial dysfunction in tumor cells to reduce oxygen consumption and promote the efficiency of Lox in lactate decomposition, thus reversing lactate‐induced TIME; for another, NO effectively triggered immunogenic cell death, activated anti‐tumor immune response and long‐term immune memory, and ensured a favorable effect in the synergistic interaction with PD‐L1 antibody for inhibiting tumor growth and recurrence. Therefore, a novel gas‐immunometabolic therapy dual closed‐loop nanosystem for enhancing tumor immunogenicity and remodeling lactate‐induced TIME is established. Overall, this work will provide new ideas for gas therapy to effectively remodel the TIME to enhance cancer immunotherapy.

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Ti3C2/Ni/Sm-based electrochemical glucose sensor for sweat analysis using bipolar electrochemistry

Damirchi,

Firoozbakhtian,

Hosseini

et al. 2024

Microchim Acta

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Advancements in wearable technology for monitoring lactate levels using lactate oxidase enzyme and free enzyme as analytical approaches: A review

Cited by 7 publications

References 78 publications

Wearable device for continuous sweat lactate monitoring in sports: a narrative review

Wearable device for continuous sweat lactate monitoring in sports: a narrative review

Engineered Biomimetic Cancer Cell Membrane Nanosystems Trigger Gas‐Immunometabolic Therapy for Spinal‐Metastasized Tumors

Ti3C2/Ni/Sm-based electrochemical glucose sensor for sweat analysis using bipolar electrochemistry

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