Advances and challenges in two-dimensional materials for oxygen evolution

A high-entropy atomic environment converts inactive to active sites for electrocatalysis

“…, *OH, *O, *OOH) and O 2 . 45,46 The overall OER was endothermic, and the deprotonation of *OH to form *O species was unfavorable and acted as the rate-determining step (RDS). We calculated the adsorption energies of each possible step over each metal site in the HEA.…”

“…The OER pathway initiated with H 2 O adsorption on the HEA surfaces, followed by multiple deprotonation steps and O-O coupling to form oxygen-containing intermediates (i.e., *OH, *O, *OOH) and O 2 . 45,46 The overall OER was endothermic, and the deprotonation of *OH to form *O species was unfavorable and acted as the rate-determining step (RDS). We calculated the adsorption energies of each possible step over each metal site in the HEA.…”

Trace N introduction accelerates desorption of intermediates for the HER and formation of MOOH species for the OER on NiCoP to boost overall water splitting

“…5,6 At present, transition metal-based catalysts also show satisfactory performance due to their impressive and excellent activity, stability, and super competitive cost. In particular, numerous researchers have endeavored to nd the most promising alternatives to precious metal electrocatalysts focusing on NiCo, 2,7 NiFe, 8,9 FeCo, 10,11 etc. and their derivatives (sulphides, [12][13][14] phosphides, 15,16 selenides 17,18 (oxy)hydroxides, 2,19 and so on).…”

“…In particular, numerous researchers have endeavored to nd the most promising alternatives to precious metal electrocatalysts focusing on NiCo, 2,7 NiFe, 8,9 FeCo, 10,11 etc. and their derivatives (sulphides, [12][13][14] phosphides, 15,16 selenides 17,18 (oxy)hydroxides, 2,19 and so on). Among them, NiCo-based electrocatalysts possess better HER catalytic activity because of the low binding energy with the H atom.…”

“…In the context of the green economy, hydrogen, as the ultimate clean energy carrier, promises to replace polluting fossil fuels due to its advantages of desirable combustion performance, high energy density, low loss, non-toxicity and non-pollution. 1,2 Electrocatalytic water splitting has become one of the most prospective technologies for large-scale hydrogen production due to the highly purified hydrogen product and non-pollution in reaction processes. 3 However, in practical applications, commercial electrolytic cells are usually operated at a voltage of 1.8–2.0 V, 4,5 which is much higher than the theoretical voltage of 1.23 V, inevitably resulting in excessive energy consumption.…”