Advances and new functions of VCSEL photonics

Koyama, Fumio

doi:10.1007/s10043-014-0142-6

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(100 reference statements)

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“…The latter approach is commonly used in k-space confocal microscopy for the analysis of optical planar microcavities, which present nontrivial angle-dependent optical properties. 18 In fact, the peculiar energy-momentum dispersion of photons confined in microcavities is key for a broad range of applications and phenomena, from the generation and manipulation of coherent light 19 to the production of nonlinear optical devices 20 and the observation of Bose− Einstein condensates in the solid state 21,22 or optical analogues to spin−orbit interaction effects. 23 More in detail, with the push-broom approach, one line of the k-space image is spatially selected by the entrance slit of a dispersive spectrometer placed before a two-dimensional detector, which acquires an energy-momentum cross-section of the 3D cavity dispersion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

k-Space Hyperspectral Imaging by a Birefringent Common-Path Interferometer

et al. 2022

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Fourier-plane microscopy is a powerful tool for measuring the angular optical response of a plethora of materials and photonic devices. Among them, optical microcavities feature distinctive energy-momentum dispersions, crucial for a broad range of fundamental studies and applications. However, measuring the whole momentum space (k-space) with sufficient spectral resolution using standard spectroscopic techniques is challenging, requiring long and alignment-sensitive scans. Here, we introduce a k-space hyperspectral microscope, which uses a common-path birefringent interferometer to image photoluminescent organic microcavities, obtaining an angle-and wavelength-resolved view of the samples in only one measurement. The exceptional combination of angular and spectral resolution of our technique allows us to reconstruct a three-dimensional (3D) map of the cavity dispersion in the energy-momentum space, revealing the polarization-dependent behavior of the resonant cavity modes. Furthermore, we apply our technique for the characterization of a dielectric nanodisk metasurface, evidencing the angular and spectral behavior of its anapole mode. This approach is able to provide a complete optical characterization for materials and devices with nontrivial angle-/wavelength-dependent properties, fundamental for future developments in the fields of topological photonics and optical metamaterials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

k-Space Hyperspectral Imaging by a Birefringent Common-Path Interferometer

et al. 2022

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“…Similarly, the illustration in Fig. 1(a) shows a VCSEL as a particularly simple light source that can be operated with small pump currents and that can be efficiently fabricated in large quantities [35]. On the bottom level "Electronics," the system comprises laser drivers, photodetector (PD) readout electronics, and ADCs, as well as digital signal processing (DSP) circuits for electrical signal generation and evaluation.…”

Section: Sensor System Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated phase-sensitive photonic sensors: a system design tutorial

et al. 2021

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Photonic integration has seen tremendous progress over the previous decade, and several integration platforms have reached industrial maturity. This evolution has prepared the ground for miniaturized photonic sensors that lend themselves to efficient analysis of gaseous and liquid media, exploiting large interactions lengths of guided light with surrounding analytes, possibly mediated by chemically functionalized waveguide surfaces. Among the various sensor concepts, phase-sensitive approaches are particularly attractive: offering a flexible choice of the operation wavelength, these schemes are amenable to large-scale integration on mature technology platforms such as silicon photonics or silicon nitride ( S i 3 N 4 ) that have been developed in the context of tele- and data-communication applications. This paves the path toward miniaturized and robust sensor systems that offer outstanding scalability and that are perfectly suited for high-volume applications in life sciences, industrial process analytics, or consumer products. However, as the maturity of the underlying photonic integrated circuits (PICs) increases, system-level aspects of mass-deployable sensors gain importance. These aspects include, e.g., robust system concepts that can be operated outside controlled laboratory environments as well as readout schemes that can be implemented based on low-cost light sources, without the need for benchtop-type tunable lasers as typically used in scientific demonstrations. It is, thus, the goal of this tutorial to provide a holistic system model that allows us to better understand and to quantitatively benchmark the viability and performance of different phase-sensitive photonic sensor concepts under the stringent limitations of mass-deployable miniaturized systems. Specifically, we explain and formulate a generally applicable theoretical framework that allows for a quantitatively reliable end-to-end analysis of the overall signal chain. Building upon this framework, we identify and explain the most important technical parameters of the system, comprising the photonic sensor circuit, the light source, and the detector, as well as the readout and control scheme. We quantify and compare the achievable performance and the limitations that are associated with specific sensor structures based on Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) or high-Q optical ring resonators (RRs), and we condense our findings by formulating design guidelines both for sensor concepts. As a particularly attractive example, we discuss an MZI-based sensor implementation, relying on a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) as a power-efficient low-cost light source in combination with a simple and robust readout and control scheme. In contrast to RR-based sensor implementations, MZIs can be resilient to laser frequency noise, at the cost of a slightly lower sensitivity and a moderately increased footprint. To facilitate the application of our model, we provide a MATLAB-based application that visualizes the underlying physical principles and that can be readily used to estimate the achievable performance of a specific sensor system. The system-level design considerations are complemented by an overview of additional aspects that are important for successful sensor system implementation such as the design of the underlying waveguides, photonic system assembly concepts, and schemes for analyte handling.

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“…Comparing with edge-emitting lasers, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have many advantages such as 1) low power consumption, 2) large scale 2D array, 3) single longitudinal mode operation, 4) circular beam for direct fiber coupling,…… [15]. Therefore, the development of UV VCSELs is also very important.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loss analysis in nitride deep ultraviolet planar cavity

Zheng

Paul

et al. 2018

J. Nanophoton.

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A deep ultraviolet (DUV) nitride planar micro cavity with a double-side HfO 2 /SiO 2 DBR structure was fabricated. An AlGaN-based quantum dots (QDs) epilayer was used as the active layer. The epilayers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on sapphire substrate with a thin GaN buffer. Cavity modes at 305, 314, 323 and 335 nm were observed by photoluminescence. Optical losses of the order of 103 cm-1 were deduced from the Q value of the cavity modes. An analysis of the surface scattering losses and absorption of the epilayer was performed. The result suggests that surface scattering from the surface roughness appearing after LLO is the main cause for optical loss,. A method is proposed to reduce the impact of scattering loss by placing the roughness layer at the node of the optical field.

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Advances and new functions of VCSEL photonics

Cited by 24 publications

References 65 publications

k-Space Hyperspectral Imaging by a Birefringent Common-Path Interferometer

k-Space Hyperspectral Imaging by a Birefringent Common-Path Interferometer

Integrated phase-sensitive photonic sensors: a system design tutorial

Loss analysis in nitride deep ultraviolet planar cavity

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