Efficient
nanomaterials are in high demand in photocatalytic applications
to maximize solar energy conversion to renewable fuels. There is growing
research on the use of metals as cocatalysts to promote photocatalyst
efficiency, but they are expensive. Recently, titanium carbide (Ti3C2T
x
) MXenes as layered
materials have attracted attention to investigate energy conversion
applications. The distinguishing characteristics of Ti3C2T
x
are higher specific surface
area, tunable terminal functional groups (−OH, −O, and
−F), exposed metallic active sites, and excellent electrical
conductivity. MXenes can be combined with other semiconductors as
cocatalysts to improve charge carrier separation. This review discusses
various synthesis routes to fabricate Ti3C2T
x
MXenes as single materials, their surface
functionalization, and as cocatalysts to construct a heterojunction
for photocatalytic CO2 conversion and H2 production.
The different synthesis approaches, such as the HF, halogen, alkali,
molten salt, and electrochemical etching routes, to regulate structure,
morphology, and efficiency are systematically described. Moreover,
synthesis of various morphologies of Ti3C2T
x
MXenes in terms of dimensions, sizes, and
their effect on the performance of energy conversion reactions are
systematically discussed. Furthermore, various synthesis routes with
regard to fabrication of Ti3C2T
x
MXene-based nanocomposites for stimulating photocatalytic
efficiency with solar energy is elaborated on. The critical analysis
and discussion is included on select suitable structures and morphologies
of MXenes as cocatalysts and as a support to stimulate the energy
harvesting efficiency. Finally, a discussion related to challenges
and further developments for exploring pathways in the contexts of
synthesis and production of promising renewable fuels is presented.