Advances and prospects in biomimetic multilayered scaffolds for articular cartilage regeneration

Abstract

Due to the sophisticated hierarchical structure and limited reparability of articular cartilage (AC), the ideal regeneration of AC defects has been a major challenge in the field of regenerative medicine. As defects progress, they often extend from the cartilage layer to the subchondral bone and ultimately lead to osteoarthritis. Tissue engineering techniques bring new hope for AC regeneration. To meet the regenerative requirements of the heterogeneous and layered structure of native AC tissue, a substantial number of multilayered biomimetic scaffolds have been studied. Ideal multilayered scaffolds should generate zone-specific functional tissue similar to native AC tissue. This review focuses on the current status of multilayered scaffolds developed for AC defect repair, including design strategies based on the degree of defect severity and the zone-specific characteristics of AC tissue, the selection and composition of biomaterials, and techniques for design and manufacturing. The challenges and future perspectives of biomimetic multilayered scaffold strategies for AC regeneration are also discussed.

Biomimetic hydrogels designed for cartilage tissue engineering

“…Zonally stratified structures similar to native cartilage can be achieved by exploiting combinations of materials and composite hydrogels processed additively. Therefore Please do not adjust margins Please do not adjust margins zones 142,143 . Biomimetic multiphasic hydrogels and structures have been developed to mimic the native osteochondral tissue properties 144 , including monophasic, bi-phasic and tri-phasic structures.…”

Meniscal Regenerative Scaffolds Based on Biopolymers and Polymers: Recent Status and Applications

“…As an emerging additive manufacturing technology, 3D printing is able to produce components with ideal shapes and structures, allowing the accurate construction of specified 3D hierarchical structures ( Bahcecioglu et al, 2019 ; Fu et al, 2020 ). Hence, among all of these scaffolding technologies, 3D printing is more promising in meniscal tissue engineering.…”

The Application of Bioreactors for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Advances, Limitations, and Future Perspectives

“…There have been many studies on the three-dimensional porous biodegradable structure of scaffolds for chondrocyte or mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) seeding [ 13 , 14 ]. However, there are many limitations of cell-seeded scaffolds, one of the most important being that static cell culture on scaffolds cannot simulate the physiological environment required for the development of natural cartilage [ 15 ]. For example, in addition to the uneven delivery of oxygen and nutrients, the associated lack of mechanical stimulation causes decreased proliferation and differentiation and results in nonuniform cell distribution.…”