Advances in Biodetoxification of Ochratoxin A-A Review of the Past Five Decades

Abstract

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic secondary fungal metabolite that widely takes place in various kinds of foodstuffs and feeds. Human beings and animals are inevitably threatened by OTA as a result. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt various measures to detoxify OTA-contaminated foods and feeds. Biological detoxification methods, with better safety, flavor, nutritional quality, organoleptic properties, availability, and cost-effectiveness, are more promising than physical and chemical detoxification methods. The state-of-the-art research advances of OTA biodetoxification by degradation, adsorption, or enzymes are reviewed in the present paper. Researchers have discovered a good deal of microorganisms that could degrade and/or adsorb OTA, including actinobacteria, bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeast. The degradation of OTA to non-toxic or less toxic OTα via the hydrolysis of the amide bond is the most important OTA biodegradation mechanism. The most important influence factor of OTA adsorption capacity of microorganisms is cell wall components. A large number of microorganisms with good OTA degradation and/or adsorption ability, as well as some OTA degradation enzymes isolated or cloned from microorganisms and animal pancreas, have great application prospects in food and feed industries.

The Aspergilli and Their Mycotoxins: Metabolic Interactions With Plants and the Soil Biota

“…The effects on toxin production and the underlying mechanisms of growth and toxigenic nature are, similarly to yeasts, less understood and often not attempted to uncover. OTA biodetoxification was reviewed by Chen et al (2018) in detail. Microbes can affect OTA concentration by degradation or absorption and at gene regulation level.…”

Protein and transcript profiling analysis of the response of Yarrowia lipolytica Y‐2 in the degradation of ochratoxin A

“…It is a chlorinated dihydroisocoumarin linked to l ‐β‐phenylalanine molecule by an amide bond. OTA was found in a variety of natural products containing coffee, grapes, cereals and their products (Chen et al, ; Covarelli, Beccari, Marini, & Tosi, ; Duarte, Pena, & Lino, ; Romani, Sacchetti, López, Pinnavaia, & Rosa, ). It is well known for its nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity and neurotoxicity (Creppy, Størmer, Röschenthaler, & Dirheimer, ; Pfohl‐Leszkowicz, Chakor, Creppy, & Dirheimer, ; Ringot, Chango, Schneider, & Larondelle, ), and classified as a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, ; Group 2B).…”

“…Biological control of mycotoxins is considered as a promising approach for its safety and cost‐effectiveness, etc. (Chen et al, ; Grazioli, Fumi, & Silva, ; Romani et al, ; K. L. Wang et al, ; Zhang, Wang, Zheng, & Dong, ). Several biological approaches are available for the detoxification of OTA including bacteria, yeasts, filamentous ascomycetes and some hydrolases (Angioni et al, ; Chen et al, ; Péteri et al, ; Pitout, ; Varga, Rigó, & Téren, ; Wegst & Lingens, ).…”

“…Cereals, feeds and foods are easily contaminated with OTA and caused the adverse health effects on animals and humans (Chen et al, ). OTA removal from feeds and foods by Y. lipolytica Y‐2 is a promising biological approach.…”

Protective Effect of Astaxanthin on Ochratoxin A-Induced Kidney Injury to Mice by Regulating Oxidative Stress-Related NRF2/KEAP1 Pathway

“…Antioxidant regulatory elements are identified by the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), which regulates genes encoding detoxification, cell protection, and antioxidant enzymes [16]. In addition, OTA weakens the cell's antioxidant defense barrier, making cells more susceptible to oxidative damage [17].Natural astaxanthin (ASX) belongs to the lutein family, and is also known as lobster shell pigment. ASX is a beta-carotene found in shrimp and crab shells, salmon, oysters, algae, and fungi [18].…”