“…Cancer immunotherapy has made breakthroughs in the treatment of a wide range of cancers . Among the various tumor immunotherapies, therapeutic tumor vaccines have been studied for several decades and have shown signs of efficacy to help patients resistant to other immunotherapies, despite the limited clinical progress. , It was proposed that cancer vaccines have the potential to become standard anticancer therapies in the near future. − With the rapid development of nanotechnology, multifunctional nanovaccines have attracted great attention owing to the potential to elicit a strong tumor-specific immune response and establish long-term immunogenic memory. , Relative to traditional vaccines, nanovaccines have exhibited unique advantages, such as high antigen/adjuvant loading, efficient targeting of lymph node and antigen presentation cells, tunable antigen cross-presentation to T cells, and decreased off-target side effects. − In the past decades, various types of nanocarriers including exosomes, cell membrane or protein-based NPs, polymers and lipsomes, and inorganic and self-adjuvanted NPs have been developed to create cancer nanovaccines, paving the way for the rational design and preparation of efficient nanovaccines for immunotherapy. − To elicit a robust and persistent immune response against tumors, vaccines need to trigger both innate and adaptive immune response.…”