Advances in Carbon Materials for Sodium and Potassium Storage

Abstract

Over the past decades, ground‐breaking techniques and transformative progress have been achieved on exploring alternative battery candidates beyond lithium‐ion batteries, among which sodium‐/potassium‐ion batteries (SIBs/PIBs) are receiving rapidly increased attention. Great efforts have been devoted to developing verified anode materials. Carbon materials take the leading position because of their abundance, low‐cost, environmental friendless, and commercial potential. While it is easy to understand which specific carbon material exhibits outstanding performance, the understanding of electrochemical reaction mechanisms, the structure–performance relation, and the interfacial properties of carbon anodes are rather difficult. It is urgently required to comprehensively summarize and further compare these fundamental issues, but it is still insufficient. This review concentrates on recent progress of carbon materials for SIBs and PIBs, and at the beginning summarizes the fabrication and characterization of different carbon allotropes, then fundamentally compares the ion storage mechanisms and interfacial chemistries. Furthermore, the relationship between the mechanism‐oriented and interface‐correlated performance and material optimization strategies is established. Finally, critical challenges and future developments of carbon anodes for the practical realization of SIBs/PIBs are proposed. This review gives a comprehensive summary and perspective from mechanisms to material design, offering a reliable guidance of carbon materials for SIBs and PIBs.

Cellulose‐Derived Wearable Carbon Nanoflake Sensors Customized by Semiconductor Laser Photochemistry

“…Fewer carriers migrated in the tensile areas, but more carriers migrated in compressed areas through closer interconnection. [32,34,35] 3) Sodium/zinc ions or PEDOT long-chain molecules self-interacted with cellulose/carbon further facilitated [36] electrolytes diffusion and offered a mixed conduction mechanism. [37] Thus, through modulation of the interspacing of nanoflakes, this carbon paper guaranteed the realization of next-generation flexible electronics by ensuring available electrical contact in dynamic conditions, where the electric/electrochemical performance depended on re-stacking morphologies, and material composition.…”

Emerging carbon-based flexible anodes for potassium-ion batteries: Progress and opportunities

“…Recently, the as-reported works on the dual-doping of carbonaceous materials involve a N, O dual-doped hard carbon anode ( Adams et al, 2017 ; Gong et al, 2019 ), P, N dual-doped carbon ( Gan et al, 2019 ), P, O dual-doped graphene ( Zhao et al, 2021 ), and so on. The dual-doping strategy has been also used on flexible carbon-based substrates in consideration of its synergistic effect on the electrode surface ( Liu et al, 2022 ). Zeng et al (2020) designed flexible a N, O dual-doped carbon-coated graphene foam film (NOC@GF), where the N, O doped hard carbon layer boosts K + adsorption and the graphene layer shows a low resistance for K + diffusion ( Figure 3A ).…”

Improving ionic conductivity of von-Alpen-type NASICON ceramic electrolytes via magnesium doping

“…The development of efficient and safe devices for energy storage and utilization is among the most important fields of research in modern society. To this end, in addition to improving established lithium-ion battery technologies, advanced secondary batteries are being actively developed [1][2][3][4]. In particular, research on sodium (Na)-based batteries has increased rapidly since the early 2010s because the raw materials required are inexpensive, abundant, and less toxic raw materials than those required for other similar batteries [5][6][7].…”