Advances in Cryogenic Principles

Superconducting Magnetic Separators

“…Liquid nitrogen-cooled shields are generally used, but in addition there may be helium vapour-cooled shields at about 30 K or mechanical shield coolers. By careful design it is possible to reduce the heat inflow to less than I0 mW/m [16].…”

“…For larger systems a closed cycle refrigerator or separate liquefier is generally required [16]. Table II shows the reliability requirement pertaining in the mineral processing industry.…”

Heat transfer correlation of film boiling from a downward-facing horizontal circular plate

“…For film boiling from a downward-facing horizontal plate to a stagnant saturated liquid, experimental observations have shown that the heated plate was covered with a stable vapor film having a maximum thickness at the plate center and that the vapor beneath the plate flowed from the center region toward the plate edge where the vapor was finally released upward to the bulk liquid [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. For subcooled liquids, experimental data have been obtained by Nishio and colleagues [5] under steady-state conditions and by Yamada and colleagues [7] using a quenching method.…”