Advances in Diagnosis and Control of Rift Valley Fever in Small Ruminants; Sheep and Goats - A Review

Abstract

HE INTENT of this study was to provide insight on the evaluation and management of Rift Valley fever (RVF) that affect small ruminants; sheep and goats. RVF is a zoonotic disease transmitted by mosquitoes that is acute, febrile, and caused by a virus of the Bunyaviridae family, genus Phlebovirus that represents a significant threat to humans and livestock. Severe clinical signs usually seen in cattle and small ruminants, where it characterized by high fever (41 O C), abortions and a high mortality rates in the newborn. ELISA assays can distinguish between past and recent infection, it cannot differentiate between the past infected and vaccinated animals except by paired serum samples examination. A variety of highly sensitive molecular techniques were established for RVF comprising quantitative real-time PCR nested RT-PCR methods, multiplex PCR-based microarray assay, quantitative real-time PCR, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and RT Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). The control of the RVF disease depends mainly on two main principles; the first one is the vaccine, and the second is the combating of the arthropod vectors. There are two types of RVF vaccines, the accredited live attenuated and inactivated vaccine preparations. The Clone 13 vaccine depends on the NSs gene, which encodes the primary virulence gene, has a significant loss of naturally attenuated strain, which developed from the Central African strain that was isolated from a human. The vaccine is highly immunogenic in ruminants, save and do not lead to untoward effects in vaccinated animals.

Zoonotic Protozoan Parasites Infecting Camels, Diagnosis and Control – A Review

“…Serodiagnosis of T. gondii is based on using native antigens to detect a specific antibody against T. gondii such as Modified agglutination test (MAT), Enxyme linked imunosorbant assay ELISA and Latesx agglutination test (LAT) [49,50].…”