Advances in Implantable Optogenetic Technology for Cardiovascular Research and Medicine

Madrid, Micah; Brennan, Jaclyn A.; Yin, Rose T.; Knight, Helen S.; Efimov, Igor R.

doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.720190

“…All-optical cardiac electrophysiology has been successfully used in vitro using hiPSC-CMs for preclinical drug testing ( 358 , 359 ), assessment of neuron-cardiomyocyte interactions ( 360 ), and modulation of cardiac electrical activity in 2-D/3-D hiPSC-CM preparations ( 361 ) and intact, isolated hearts ( 362 , 363 ). Advancements in microendoscopy ( 364 ) and fabrication of miniaturized LED devices ( 365 ) can be used to optimize light delivery in vivo, and one day, these tools may be used as optical alternatives to electrical devices [e.g., pacemakers, defibrillators ( 366 , 367 )]. Miniaturized, flexible, and stretchable electronics can be used for implantable optogenetic devices (e.g., LEDs), and these conformable devices can also be used to modulate and/or monitor biochemical and biophysical signals.…”

Section: Summary and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for assessment of cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias in small animals

Ripplinger

¹

,

Glukhov

²

,

Kay

³

et al. 2022

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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Cardiac arrhythmias are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although recent advances in cell-based models, including human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CM), are contributing to our understanding of electrophysiology and arrhythmia mechanisms, pre-clinical animal studies of cardiovascular disease remain a mainstay. Over the past several decades, animal models of cardiovascular disease have advanced our understanding of pathological remodeling, arrhythmia mechanisms, drug effects, and have led to major improvements in pacing and defibrillation therapies. There exist a variety of methodological approaches for assessment of cardiac electrophysiology, and a plethora of parameters may be assessed with each approach. This Guidelines article will provide an overview of the strengths and limitations of several common techniques used to assess electrophysiology and arrhythmia mechanisms at the whole animal, whole heart, and tissue level, with a focus on small animal models. We also define key electrophysiological parameters that should be assessed, along with their physiological underpinnings, and the best methods with which to assess these parameters.

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“…stress of various types). While this has been well known for decades [240][241][242], recent research employing novel research tools [243][244][245][246][247][248][249][250][251][252][253] has uncovered interactions between brain and immune system at unprecedented resolution. Similiarly, advanced molecular genetic methods [182,[254][255][256][257][258][259] contributed to elucidate mechanistic pathways linking the GIT microbiome to the systemic innate immune response with its impact upon cardiovascular [260,261] and neurological diseases [262,263].…”

Section: Novel Immune Pathomechanisms At Organ and Systemic Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Immunity in Cardiovascular Diseases – Identification of Novel Molecular Players and Targets

Poller¹,

Heidecker²,

Ammirati³

et al. 2022

Preprint

0

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During the past few years unexpected developments have driven studies in the field of clinical immunology. One driver of immense impact was the outbreak of a pandemic caused by the novel virus SARS-CoV-2. Excellent recent reviews address diverse aspects of immunological re-search into cardiovascular diseases. Here, we specifically focus on selected studies taking ad-vantage of advanced state-of-the-art molecular genetic methods ranging from genome-wide epi/transcriptome mapping and variant scanning to optogenetics and chemogenetics. First, we discuss emerging clinical relevance of advanced diagnostics for cardiovascular diseases - includ-ing those associated with COVID-19 - with a focus on the role of inflammation in cardiomyopa-thies and arrhythmias. Second, we consider newly identified immunological interactions at or-gan and systems level which affect cardiovascular pathogenesis. Thus, studies into immune in-fluences arising from the intestinal system are moving towards therapeutic exploitation. Fur-ther, powerful new research tools have enabled novel insight into brain – immune system inter-actions at unprecedented resolution. This latter line of investigation emphasizes the strength of influence of emotional stress - acting through defined brain regions - upon viral and cardiovas-cular disorders. Several challenges need to be overcome before the full impact of these far-reaching new findings will hit the clinical arena.

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“…stress of various types). While this has been well known for decades [214][215][216], recent research employing novel research tools [217][218][219][220][221][222][223][224][225][226]248] has uncovered interactions between brain and immune system at unprecedented resolution. Similiarly, advanced molecular genetic methods [181,[227][228][229][230][231][232] contributed to elucidate mechanistic pathways linking the GIT microbiome to the systemic innate immune response with its impact upon cardiovascular [233,234] and neurological diseases [235,236].…”

Section: Novel Immune Pathomechanisms At Organ and Systemic Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Immunity in Cardiovascular Diseases – Identification of Novel Molecular Players and Targets

Poller¹,

Heidecker²,

Ammirati³

et al. 2022

Preprint

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

During the past few years unexpected developments have driven studies in the field of clinical immunology. One driver of immense impact was the outbreak of a pandemic caused by the novel virus SARS-CoV-2. Excellent recent reviews address diverse aspects of immunological re-search into cardiovascular diseases. Here, we specifically focus on selected studies taking ad-vantage of advanced state-of-the-art molecular genetic methods ranging from genome-wide epi/transcriptome mapping and variant scanning to optogenetics and chemogenetics. First, we discuss emerging clinical relevance of advanced diagnostics for cardiovascular diseases - includ-ing those associated with COVID-19 - with a focus on the role of inflammation in cardiomyopa-thies and arrhythmias. Second, we consider newly identified immunological interactions at or-gan and systems level which affect cardiovascular pathogenesis. Thus, studies into immune in-fluences arising from the intestinal system are moving towards therapeutic exploitation. Fur-ther, powerful new research tools have enabled novel insight into brain – immune system inter-actions at unprecedented resolution. This latter line of investigation emphasizes the strength of influence of emotional stress - acting through defined brain regions - upon viral and cardiovas-cular disorders. Several challenges need to be overcome before the full impact of these far-reaching new findings will hit the clinical arena.

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Advances in Implantable Optogenetic Technology for Cardiovascular Research and Medicine

Cited by 10 publications

References 45 publications

Guidelines for assessment of cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias in small animals

Guidelines for assessment of cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias in small animals

Innate Immunity in Cardiovascular Diseases – Identification of Novel Molecular Players and Targets

Innate Immunity in Cardiovascular Diseases – Identification of Novel Molecular Players and Targets

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