Advances in lactoferrin research concerning bovine mastitis

Shimazaki, K.; Kawai, Kazuhiro

doi:10.1139/bcb-2016-0044

Cited by 43 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein, mainly produced by the mammary epithelial cells and in smaller quantities by neutrophils [101,102]. Its expression in milk (Figure S6) is inversely related to alveolar development.…”

Section: Chemical Antibacterial Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mammary Defences and Immunity against Mastitis in Sheep

Katsafadou

Politis

Mavrogianni

et al. 2019

Animals

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Simple SummaryThe article reviews the defence mechanisms and the relevant processes that occur in the udder of sheep. Due to the importance of the udder in milk production, animals display many defences to protect the organ. These include the teats, the epithelial and the white-blood cells in the udder, the immunoglobulins and chemical substances that all participate in the various processes. These are influenced by many factors, animal- or management-regulated, which must be taken into account in the formulation of prevention schemes against mastitis in sheep.AbstractThe objectives of this review paper are to present udder defences, including teat of the udder, mammary epithelial cells, leucocytes, immunoglobulins, complement system and chemical antibacterial agents, to describe cooperation and interactions between them and to elaborate on potentials regarding their significance in mammary immunisation strategies. The teat of the udder provides initial protection to the mammary gland. The mammary epithelial cells synthesise antibacterial proteins and the leucocytes produce various inflammation mediators (cytokines or chemokines), phagocytose bacteria and recognise antigenic structures. In the mammary gland, four immunoglobulins (IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA) have important roles against bacterial pathogens. The complement system is a collection of proteins, participating in the inflammatory process through various pathways. Other components contributing to humoral mammary defence include lactoferrin, lysozyme and the lactoperoxidase/myeloperoxidase systems, as well as oligosaccharides, gangliosides, reactive oxygen species, acute phase proteins (e.g., haptoglobin and serum amyloid A), ribonucleases and a wide range of antimicrobial peptides. Management practices, genetic variations and nutrition can influence mammary defences and should be taken into account in the formulation of prevention strategies against ovine mastitis.

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Section: Chemical Antibacterial Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mammary Defences and Immunity against Mastitis in Sheep

Katsafadou

Politis

Mavrogianni

et al. 2019

Animals

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“…1a). Lactoferrin synthesis, whose rise is also associated with an augmented immune activity 12 , increased at day 1 after dry-off until day 3 in all the tested doses (Fig. 1b).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Potential of MMP-9 based nanoparticles at optimizing the cow dry period: pulling apart the effects of MMP-9 and nanoparticles

Gifre-Renom

Carratalá

Parés

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The cow dry period is a non-milking interval where the mammary gland involutes and regenerates to guarantee an optimal milk production in the subsequent lactation. Important bottlenecks such as the high risk of intramammary infections complicate the process. Antibiotics have been routinely used as a preventive treatment but the concerns about potential antibiotic resistance open a new scenario in which alternative strategies have to be developed. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an enzyme able to degrade the extracellular matrix, triggering the involution and immune function of cow mammary gland. We have studied the infusion into the mammary gland of MMP-9 inclusion bodies as protein-based nanoparticles, demonstrating that 1.2 mg of MMP-9 enhanced the involution and immune function of the cow mammary gland. However, the comparison of the effects triggered by the administration of an active and an inactive form of MMP-9 led to conclude that the response observed in the bovine mammary gland was mainly due to the protein format but not to the biological activity of the MMP-9 embedded in the inclusion body. This study provides relevant information on the future use of protein inclusion bodies in cow mammary gland and the role of MMP-9 at dry-off. The dry period is crucial to optimize milk production in dairy cattle 1. During this period, the mammary gland regresses and, after that, it proliferates and differentiates to allow optimal milk production in the subsequent lactation. However, the presence of galactopoietic hormones due to a concomitant pregnancy does not facilitate the beginning of involution and delays the activation of the immune system, which orchestrates all this process 2. Moreover, the high amount of milk accumulated in the mammary gland at dry-off exert high intra-mammary pressure and may lead to milk leakage, which in turn maintains the teat canal opened and full of nutrients, increasing the risk of a pathogen invasion 3. When activated, the immune system recruits macrophages and neutrophils, which could fight against a possible infection 4. Yet their phagocytic activity against pathogens is diminished at dry-off, as phagocytes are engaged at engulfing milk fat, cell debris, and other compounds derived from milk and accumulated in the mammary gland 4. To reduce the risk of mastitis, antibiotics are infused routinely into the mammary gland at dry-off. However, the preventive use of antibiotics has raised concerns about the emergence of antibiotic resistances. In this context, there is a need to find new strategies to boost the immune system of the mammary gland and its involution at dry-off. Recently, new strategies based on the use of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) have been studied mainly to modulate infiltration of immune cells and involution at dry-off. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is a tissue-remodelling enzyme that degrades the extracellular matrix (ECM) and, in the mammary gland, is physiologically released by mammary epithelial cells and neutrophils entering into the tissue during the ...

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“…Anti-bacterial proteins and peptides are secreted in milk and they function effectively and cooperatively with LF [22]. LF concentrations in the cows in the pre-drying off period after B. breve infusion were lower than those in the cows in mid-lactation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Somatic cell and innate immune responses in mammary glands of lactating cows to intramammary infusion of <i>Bifidobacterium breve</i> at pre-drying off period

et al. 2021

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Intramammary infusion of Bifidobacterium breve (B. breve)-induced somatic cell (SC) counts, chemiluminescent response (CL), lactoferrin (LF) concentrations and mastitis-causing pathogens from quarters with subclinical mastitis were measured to evaluate innate immune response of mammary glands in dairy cows at 3 to 4 weeks before drying off. SC counts in 7 quarters of 7 control cows and 5 quarters of 6 cows with mastitis increased markedly on day 1 and SC values in control cows were significantly (P<0.05) increased and returned to pre-infusion levels on day 5 after B. breve-infusion. CL values in both groups increased markedly on day 1 and then decreased after B. breve-infusion; however, CL values in cows with mastitis did not return to normal levels on day 5 and at postpartum. The CL values were highly correlated with their SC counts in milk from both groups.LF concentrations increased toward day 3 after B. breve-infusion and were higher in cows with mastitis. B. breve-infusion eliminated 16.6%(1/6) of pathogens from 6 quarters with chronic subclinical mastitis. B. breve-induced SC responses in quarters from 3 cows with mastitis showed characteristic patterns of recovery, persistent and new infections. B. breve-induced SC counts in quarters from the cows in the pre-drying off were lower (25.7%-70.6%) than those of the cows in mid-lactation. The intrinsic innate immune response in cows on pre-drying off may be decreased and appears to be insufficient to eliminate pathogens from mammary gland in the pre-drying off.

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Advances in lactoferrin research concerning bovine mastitis

Cited by 43 publications

References 78 publications

Mammary Defences and Immunity against Mastitis in Sheep

Mammary Defences and Immunity against Mastitis in Sheep

Potential of MMP-9 based nanoparticles at optimizing the cow dry period: pulling apart the effects of MMP-9 and nanoparticles

Somatic cell and innate immune responses in mammary glands of lactating cows to intramammary infusion of <i>Bifidobacterium breve</i> at pre-drying off period

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