Advances in Nanoformulated Polyphenols for Protection Against Cardiovascular Diseases

Abstract

In the past decade, a plethora of research has revealed numerous biological effects of polyphenols, most significantly anticancer and antimicrobial. These versatile, naturally occurring compounds have attracted growing interest among researchers owing to their crucial role in modifying disease progression associated with almost all the body's vital systems, including cardiovascular, neurological, and gastrointestinal systems. However, poor water solubility and rapid metabolism result in low bioavailability, which is a critical limitation to their clinical use. Nanotechnology is one promising approach that has served to maximize the therapeutic potential of polyphenols. Incorporation of sensitive polyphenolic compounds into nanocarriers protects them from physiological degradation, facilitates prolonged release, improves bioavailability, and allows targeted drug delivery. There is emerging evidence that nanomedicine could provide a solution to the poor pharmacokinetics of polyphenols and enhance their treatment efficacy. This review focuses on the various nanoparticle-based delivery systems that have been developed for the entrapment of these hydrophobic molecules and circumvent the pitfalls of poor systemic availability with an emphasis on their application in cardiovascular disorders. It elucidates recent developments in nanotechnology that could not only be imperative to cardiovascular disease alleviation but also in resolving issues of safety and specificity associated with these molecules. It also highlights the improved physicochemical properties and possible molecular mechanisms of some major polyphenols administered as nanoformulations and describes the results of in vitro and in vivo studies performed in animal models of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).

Recent advancements in natural polymers‐based self‐healing nano‐materials for wound dressing

“…Nano-materials are extensively employed in the treatment of persistent injuries due to their ability to trigger multiple molecular processes and cellular pathways that promote angiogenesis and reduce inflammation. 60 Various nano-materials like nanosphere, nano-capsule, nano-emulsion, nano-colloids, nanocarriers, and so on are employed in wound therapy. Among these, metal nanoparticles have displayed favorable properties as they show less in vivo toxicity.…”

Exploring the Transmembrane Behaviors of Dietary Flavonoids under Intestinal Digestive Products of Different Lipids: Insights into the Structure–Activity Relationship In Vitro

“…Dietary flavonoids have been extensively studied for their diverse biological activities and have been shown to play significant roles in the prevention of diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, and cancer. − There has been controversy regarding the bioavailability of dietary flavonoids. Some studies consistently showed dietary flavonoids exhibited limited absorption and low bioavailability. − However, other studies indicated that the absorption and bioavailability of some flavonoids were higher than previously believed. , Nevertheless, given the importance of high bioavailability in effectively exerting physiological functions, improving the bioavailability of dietary flavonoids has become a crucial issue of concern. This issue presents a significant challenge in developing and utilizing dietary flavonoids as dietary supplements for human health and requires substantial research.…”

“…By reviewing previous studies, we found that researchers often focused on the bioavailability of flavonoids in isolation, neglecting the influence of dietary nutrients. , However, human diets typically consist of a combination of flavonoids and essential macronutrients, such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. These dietary nutrients can potentially affect the bioavailability of flavonoids. − Some researchers have explored the changes in the flavonoid transmembrane transport behavior under the influence of carbohydrate or protein nutrient systems.…”