Advances in Nanotechnology-Based Biosensing of Immunoregulatory Cytokines

Abstract

Cytokines are a large group of small proteins secreted by immune and non-immune cells in response to external stimuli. Much attention has been given to the application of cytokines’ detection in early disease diagnosis/monitoring and therapeutic response assessment. To date, a wide range of assays are available for cytokines detection. However, in specific applications, multiplexed or continuous measurements of cytokines with wearable biosensing devices are highly desirable. For such efforts, various nanomaterials have been extensively investigated due to their extraordinary properties, such as high surface area and controllable particle size and shape, which leads to their tunable optical emission, electrical, and magnetic properties. Different types of nanomaterials such as noble metal, metal oxide, and carbon nanoparticles have been explored for various biosensing applications. Advances in nanomaterial synthesis and device development have led to significant progress in pushing the limit of cytokine detection. This article reviews currently used methods for cytokines detection and new nanotechnology-based biosensors for ultrasensitive cytokine detection.

The Role of microRNA in the Inflammatory Response of Wound Healing

“…Cytokines are recognized as “inflammatory mediators” secreted by immune cells and non-immune cells and are closely related to the inflammatory response ( 100 ). miRNA also plays an important role in regulating functional cytokine networks ( 101 ).…”

Current Methods for Extraction and Concentration of Foodborne Bacteria with Glycan-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles: A Review

“…In particular, the low cost and magnetic properties of MNPs have led to increased interest in their widespread use [ 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Due to these unique characteristics, MNPs have been applied to various roles in health, science, and technological innovation [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ].…”

Review—Interleukins Profiling for Biosensing Applications: Possibilities and the Future of Disease Detection

“…8 These techniques are although very efficient but are quite time-consuming, very expensive, and demand trained persons and a complex sample handling system. 22 Therefore, the advanced technology which should be rapid, cost-effective, selective, reliable, simplified, and miniaturized to provide a "fit-for-use" approach for both the patient and the on-site medical staff is being looked after by the scientific community.…”

“…23 Nowadays biosensors are of utmost requirement in the field of monitoring diseases, drug discovery, pollutant detection, indicators of disease-causing microbes in our body fluids, etc. 22,23 The constitutive components of biosensors are analyte, bioreceptor, transducer, electronics, and display. 23 Bioreceptors can include enzymes, aptamers, DNA antibodies, etc.…”