Advances in Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Mencin, Ali A.; Lavine, Joel E.

doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2011.09.005

Cited by 48 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 152 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…Simple steatosis, or fatty liver, occurs early in NAFLD and may progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma [1]. The world-wide epidemic of obesity has led to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) becoming one of the most prevalent chronic liver disorders in children and adolescents [2,3]. According to a recent systematic review and meta-analysis, the pooled mean prevalence of NAFLD in children from general population studies has been found to be 7.6% (95% confidence intervals (CIs): 5.5% to 10.3%) and 34.2% (95% CIs: 27.8% to 41.2%) in studies based on child obesity clinics [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

et al. 2017

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Due to the epidemic of obesity across the world, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most prevalent chronic liver disorders in children and adolescents. NAFLD comprises a spectrum of fat-associated liver conditions that can result in end-stage liver disease and the need for liver transplantation. Simple steatosis, or fatty liver, occurs early in NAFLD and may progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. The mechanism of the liver injury in NAFLD is currently thought to be a “multiple-hit process” where the first “hit” is an increase in liver fat, followed by multiple additional factors that trigger the inflammatory activity. At the onset of disease, NAFLD is characterized by hepatic triglyceride accumulation and insulin resistance. Liver fat accumulation is associated with increased lipotoxicity from high levels of free fatty acids, free cholesterol and other lipid metabolites. As a consequence, mitochondrial dysfunction with oxidative stress and production of reactive oxygen species and endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated mechanisms, are activated. The present review focuses on the relationship between intra-cellular lipid accumulation and insulin resistance, as well as on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in NAFLD.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

et al. 2017

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“…It is defined by the presence of macrovescicular steatosis in more than 5% of the hepatocytes in the absence of use of medications, alcohol abuse and other determinants that may result in fatty liver [2]. NAFLD encompasses a range of disease severities, spanning from the simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which in turn can progress to cirrhosis [3]. In an article using 742 autopsy specimens from children in San Diego County (CA, USA), 13% of subjects were found to have NAFLD, with the highest rate found in Hispanics (11.8%) and the lowest in African–Americans (1.5%) [4].…”

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confidence: 99%

Oxidized metabolites of linoleic acid as biomarkers of liver injury in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Santoro

Caprio

Feldstein

2013

Clinical Lipidology

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The rising prevalence of obesity in the last few decades has been accompanied by an increase in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of liver pathology from isolated hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis. Dietary habits characterized by consumption of high-caloric, lipid-rich diets play a major role in the development of NAFLD. Recent studies have uncovered the importance of certain components of the diet. In this review, we will focus on the growing evidence for a central role of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. We will discuss novel findings linking oxidative stress and increased production of reactive oxygen species in the liver to oxidation of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and production of specific lipid oxidation metabolites. In particular, we will highlight the potential role of these metabolites as noninvasive markers to diagnose and monitor the extent of liver damage in patients with NAFLD.

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“…Timely diagnosis and management of the disease prevents from progression to an advanced stage in adolescence and adulthood (8). Although tissue diagnosis is the gold standard to diagnosee NAFLD, the diagnosis of NAFLD in children is primarily based on anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests, and ultrasound results (9), and biopsy is reserved for cases where there is need to differentiate NASH from simple fatty liver (10). According to the documentation of ESPGHAN (the European society for pediatric gastroenterology hepatology and nutrition) committee regarding the diagnosis of NAFLD in children and adolescents, fatty liver screening should be performed for each child above 3 years with waist circumfer-ence of more than 2.5 Z score or with familial history of fatty liver.…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which Method is Superior in the Diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver and Steatohepatatis in Children?

et al. 2017

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Context: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing with the increased rate of obesity and reduced physical activity in children worldwide. Despite high prevalence of the disease, a standard and acceptable diagnostic method is not available. The current study aimed at collecting all related articles and evaluating the challenges. Methods:The current study searched Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. Articles and guidelines in English in the field of invasive and noninvasive diagnostic methods for NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in children and adolescents up to Oct 2016 were used. It was tried to evaluate all laboratory and radiologic methods, biomarkers, and scores in addition to mention the challenges.Results: Ultrasonography and laboratory evaluation, which were routine methods in early diagnosis, did not have enough accuracy in this field. Diagnosis of steatosis and fibrosis and determining the severity of disease were achieved by fibro scan and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) without the challenges of computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fatty liver can be predicted with high accuracy by body analyzer, anthropometric, and DEXA methods.Conclusions: Diagnosis and prediction of fatty liver should be done in all children with obesity aged > 3 years, and physician should seek the genetic and metabolic causes in children aged < 3 years and/or without overweight.

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Advances in Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Cited by 48 publications

References 152 publications

The Role of Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

The Role of Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Oxidized metabolites of linoleic acid as biomarkers of liver injury in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Which Method is Superior in the Diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver and Steatohepatatis in Children?

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