Advances in Physical Metallurgy and Processing of Steels. Design of Ferritic Creep-resistant Steels.

Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H.

doi:10.2355/isijinternational.41.626

Cited by 210 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Cr together promote carbide formation; it is well known that both elements determine the sequence of carbide precipitation reactions [7]. Notice that in the case of Al, B, Co, Ta, Nb, Ni and P, there is some lack of consensus between the members of the committee, indicating less reliable conclusions with these inputs.…”

Section: Journal Ofmentioning

confidence: 97%

Neural network analysis of Charpy transition temperature of irradiated low-activation martensitic steels

Cottrell

Kemp

Bhadeshia

et al. 2007

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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We have constructed a Bayesian neural network model that predicts the change, due to neutron irradiation, of the Charpy ductile-brittle transition temperature (ΔDBTT) of low activation martensitic steels given a 40-dimensional set of data from the literature. The irradiation doses were < 100 displacements per atom (dpa). Results show the high significance of irradiation temperature and (dpa) 1/2 in determining ΔDBTT. Sparse data regions were identified by the size of the modelling uncertainties, indicating areas where further experimental data are needed. The method has promise for selecting and ranking experiments on future irradiation materials test facilities.

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Section: Journal Ofmentioning

confidence: 97%

Neural network analysis of Charpy transition temperature of irradiated low-activation martensitic steels

Cottrell

Kemp

Bhadeshia

et al. 2007

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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“…Although a lot of M 3 C particles have been observed in the as normalized condition, M 3 C is easily replaced by more stable carbide and/or carbonitride such as M 23 C 6 and MX. 22) Affinity of niobium and vanadium with carbon and nitrogen is much stronger than that between iron and carbon. It has been considered that precipitation of M 3 C takes place in a surrounding area of MX carbonitride precipitated during normalizing heat treatment, since concentration of niobium and vanadium in solid solution should be poor.…”

Section: Re-precipitation Of MX Carbonitridementioning

confidence: 99%

Phase Equilibrium between Austenite and MX Carbonitride in a 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb Steel

et al. 2005

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Precipitation behavior during normalizing heat treatment has been investigated on a 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb steel. Heterogeneously distributed spherical MX (MϭNb, V, Cr and XϭC, N) carbonitride particles and platelet M 3 C (MϭFe, Cr) carbide were observed in the as normalized condition. Number of the precipitates decreased with increasing normalizing temperature and no precipitates was observed after normalizing at 1 250°C. Although the size of M 3 C was almost constant independent of normalizing temperature, that of MX increased with increase in normalizing temperature up to 1 200°C. For MX carbonitride, not only size, but also composition of metallic elements was influenced by normalizing temperature. Since equilibrium composition of MX carbonitride depends on temperature, MX particle with non-equilibrium composition dissolves and precipitation of it takes place with its equilibrium composition at the normalizing temperature. A phase field diagram of NbX-VX quasi binary system in a 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb steel was experimentally determined. It has been supposed that precipitation of M 3 C takes place during cooling from normalizing temperature in the surrounding area of MX particles where the concentration of niobium and vanadium in matrix is poor.KEY WORDS: ferritic creep resistant steel; 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb steel; MX carbonitrides; cementite; phase equilibrium; precipitation behavior; two-phase separation; normalizing.quency vacuum induction furnace. The ingot was heated to 1 150°C for 1.5 h and hot rolled in a range of temperatures from 1 150°C to 900°C into bar with a diameter of 16 mm. Normalizing heat treatment conditions are shown in Table 2, together with prior austenite grain size number and Vickers hardness in the as normalized condition. Normalizing heat treatments were performed for 600 s in a range of temperatures from 1 050 to 1 250°C and for 3 600 s at 1 100 and 1 200°C, followed by air cooling. Prior austenite grain size of the steel coarsened with increase in normalizing temperature, but hardness of about HV400 was almost the same independent of normalizing temperature. Presence of d-ferrite was not detected for all the normalizing temperatures investigated.Distribution of precipitates was observed on carbon extracted replica under Field Emission Transmission Electron Microscope (FE-TEM). Each precipitates were analyzed by Energy Dispersion X-ray Spectroscopy attached to FE-TEM (TEM-EDS). Mechanically polished specimen surface was etched in a saturated solution of picric acid in ethyl alcohol with 1 % hydrochloric acid (Villela's reagent). The carbon was deposited on the etched surface, and the carbon film was detached from the specimen surface in a Villela's reagent. The carbon extracted replica was cleaned in ethyl alcohol and collected on copper grids for TEM examination. Precipitates were identified by means of X-ray diffraction analysis on an electrolytically extracted residue. Figure 1 shows a TEM micrograph of the carbon extracted replica prepared from the steel in the as received condition. Figure 1(b) is a high...

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“…Recently, Janovec, 3,4) Bhadeshia 5) and Pigrova 6) et al have attributed considerable attention to the precipitation behaviours of carbide during long-term aging. However, there is seldom detailed investigation on the carbide evolution behaviours of low-alloyed Cr-Mo-V steels during heat treatment, such as mass fraction, chemical composition and particle size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution Behavior of Carbides in 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel

Zhang

Miao²,

Wang³

et al. 2009

Mater. Trans.

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The investigation was carried out on the evolution behavior of carbides precipitated in 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel during heat treatment. Four types of carbides M 3 C, M 23 C 6 , M 7 C 3 and MC were identified. The mass fraction of each type of carbide was calculated and the dissolution of MC particles was found to occur during tempering. This could be caused by the annihilation of dislocations and the MC carbides precipitated on dislocations became energetically unstable and dissolved into the matrix. In addition, a two-step transformation mechanism was proposed for Cr-Fe-rich carbide. The changes in metallic composition and the average particle size of carbides were also characterized and analysed.

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Advances in Physical Metallurgy and Processing of Steels. Design of Ferritic Creep-resistant Steels.

Cited by 210 publications

References 25 publications

Neural network analysis of Charpy transition temperature of irradiated low-activation martensitic steels

Neural network analysis of Charpy transition temperature of irradiated low-activation martensitic steels

Phase Equilibrium between Austenite and MX Carbonitride in a 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb Steel

Evolution Behavior of Carbides in 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel

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