Advances in Plant–Microbe-Based Remediation Approaches for Environmental Cleanup

Agro-Pollutants and their Nano-Remediation from Soil and Water: A Mini-Review

“…Phytoremediation could be defined as "a green technology in which plants namely hyperaccumulators and their associated microbes are used to remediate the contaminated site to safeguard the environment" as reported by Saxena et al (2019). The phytoremediation process has many mechanisms by which plants could remove the pollutants from soil or water through the accumulation, translocation and degradation of the toxicants such as metals, pesticides, hydrocarbons, and chlorinated solvents (Kumar et al 2020b). This process mainly includes five mechanisms including phytoextraction / phytoaccumulation, phytostabilization, phytodegradation , phytovolatilization, rhizo-filtrationand phyto-stimulation (Nasr 2019;Kanwar et al 2020).…”

“…This partnership is useful for both plants and microbes, where plants give shelter and nutrients/food to their adjacent endophytic and rhizospheric microbes. Meanwhile, the microbes, support plant growth by detoxifying and degrading the pollutants (Nwadinigwe and Ugwu 2018;Kumar et al 2020b). There are enormous reports present in the literatures that showed the utility of plants for the removal of different pollutants from contaminated locations (He et al 2019;Nasr 2019;Mishra et al 2019;Kanwar et al 2020;Raj and Maiti 2021;Verma and Rawat, 2021).…”

“…It is well known that, nanoparticles exhibit a number of special properties such as small enough to generate quantum effects, high surfacetovolume ratio, and unique physico-chemical properties, which explain why nanoparticles are getting an increasing interest in several fields of science, cosmetics, engineering, drug delivery, pharmaceuticals, and also in environmental remediation (Kumar et al 2020b;Puthukkara et al 2020). Under the umbrella of environmental remediation, several types of nanoparticles such as metals (Fe, Ni, Pd, Zn, etc.…”

“…The integration of either of these previous methods with nanotechnology has been proved as an effective alternative to the existing traditional methods of remediation, which then called nano-bioremediation and nano-phytoremediation (Nwadinigwe and Ugwu 2018;Srivastav et al 2018;Khan et al 2020;Ebrahimbabaie et al 2020). The potential of nanoparticles used for phytoremediation may be characterized with the following items: (1) enhancing the phytoremediation process itself, (2) increasing the germination, seedling, root-shoot elongation, plant height and its biomass, (3) increasing phyto-hormones (e.g., abscisic acid, indole acetic acid and gibberellin) or enzymes production in plant, (4) increasing the nutrients bioavailability for plants, and (5) capability to bind pollutants as well as these nanoparticles should be non-toxic materials (Kumar et al 2020b).…”