Advances in poultry litter disposal technology – a review

Kelleher, Brian P.; Leahy, James J.; Henihan, Anne Marie; O’Dwyer, Thomas F.; Sutton, D.; Leahy, Martin J.

doi:10.1016/s0960-8524(01)00133-x

Cited by 490 publications

(329 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…One is the evaporation from changes in the psychometric traits within the environment (SINGH et al, 2002). Another would be an increased evaporation due to litter temperature growth along with a metabolic heat output by microbial activity (KELLEHER et al, 2002). Finally, there is the metabolic water vapor from birds released by excessive broilers' panting breath during thermal stress conditions (TOYOMIZU et al, 2005).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a simulated heat wave in thermal and aerial environment broiler-rearing environment

et al. 2016

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Global warming increases the occurrence of events such as extreme heat waves. Research on thermal and air conditions affecting broiler-rearing environment are important to evaluate the animal welfare under extreme heat aiming mitiga tion measures. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of a simulated heat wave, in a climatic chamber, on the thermal and air environment of 42-day-old broilers. One hundred and sixty broilers were housed and reared for 42 days in a climatic chamber; the animals were divided into eight pens. Heat wave simulation was performed on the 42 nd day, the period of great impact and data sampling. The analyzed variables were room and litter temperatures, relative humidity, concentrations of oxygen, carbon monoxide and ammonia at each pen. These variables were assessed each two hours, starting at 8 am, simulating a day heating up to 4 pm, when it is reached the maximum temperature. By the results, we concluded that increasing room temperatures promoted a proportional raise in litter temperatures, contributing to ammonia volatilization. In addition, oxygen concentrations decreased with increasing temperatures; and the carbon monoxide was only observed at temperatures above 27.0 °C, relative humidity higher than 88.4% and litter temperatures superior to 30.3 °C.KEYWORDS: ammonia, gas production, animal welfare, oxygen, litter temperature ONDA DE CALOR SIMULADA E SEU IMPACTO NO AMBIENTE TÉRMICO E AÉREO DE FRANGOS DE CORTE RESUMO:O aquecimento global aumenta a ocorrência de eventos extremos como as ondas de calor. Pesquisas sobre como as condições térmicas e aéreas afetam o ambiente de produção de frangos de corte são importantes para se avaliar o bem-estar animal sob condições extremas de calor, objetivando medidas mitigadoras. Este estudo pretende avaliar o efeito da simulação de ondas de calor em câmara climática, sobre o ambiente térmico e aéreo de frangos de corte com 42 dias de idade. 160 frangos foram alojados e criados, de 1 a 42 dias de idade, em câmara climática que foi dividida em oito baias. A simulação de onda de calor foi realizada no 42º dia de criação das aves, memento de maior impacto e da coleta dos dados. As variáveis foram coletadas em intervalos de duas horas a partir das 8 horas da manhã, simulando o aquecimento do dia até às 16 horas, horário de máxima, sendo coletados temperatura ambiente, temperatura da cama, umidade relativa do ar, concentrações de oxigênio, monóxido de carbono e amônia em cada baia, nos intervalos de duas em duas horas. Com os resultados obtidos na câmara climática, foi possível concluir que o aumento da temperatura ambiente ocasionou aumento na temperatura da cama, o que, consequentemente, contribuiu para o aumento da volatilização da amônia. A concentração de oxigênio foi reduzida enquanto a temperatura foi aumentada. A presença de monóxido de carbono foi observada quando a temperatura ambiente estava acima de 27,0 ºC, a umidade relativa superior a 88,4% e a temperatura da cama estava superior a 30,3 ºC. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:amônia, bem-estar an...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a simulated heat wave in thermal and aerial environment broiler-rearing environment

et al. 2016

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“…Contaminants in Cement Production (Kelleher 2002). However, due to high transportation costs most of the litter is applied only to neighboring farmlands leading to nutrient buildup and runoff, most notably of phosphorus, causing excess algae growth, disruption of local ecosystems, and drinking water pollution (Kelleher 2002;Adams 2005;Bock 2004).…”

Section: Part 3 Evaluate Gasification To Removementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, due to high transportation costs most of the litter is applied only to neighboring farmlands leading to nutrient buildup and runoff, most notably of phosphorus, causing excess algae growth, disruption of local ecosystems, and drinking water pollution (Kelleher 2002;Adams 2005;Bock 2004). Because of these harmful effects garnered over time, there is much interest in finding other outlets for this waste product.…”

Section: Part 3 Evaluate Gasification To Removementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has an average higher heating value (HHV) of ~14 MJ/dry kg which is comparable to ~20 MJ/dry kg for wood and about half that of coal (Kelleher 2002). A current major waste and alternative solid fuel consumer and potential venue for poultry litter utilization is the cement production industry.…”

Section: Cement Kilnmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Potential conversion processes include anaerobic digestion, direct combustion, co-firing, and gasification. There have been several studies on the anaerobic digestion of poultry litter (Safley et al 1987;Collins et al 2000;and Kelleher et al 2002). These studies provide information on the design, cost, and feasibility of using anaerobic digestion to extract energy from poultry litter.…”

Section: Broiler Littermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alternative Fuel for Portland Cement Processing

Schindler¹,

Duke²,

Burch³

et al. 2012

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The production of cement involves a combination of numerous raw materials, strictly monitored system processes, and temperatures on the order of 1500 °C. Immense quantities of fuel are required for the production of cement. Traditionally, energy from fossil fuels was solely relied upon for the production of cement. The overarching project objective is to evaluate the use of alternative fuels to lessen the dependence on non-renewable resources to produce portland cement. The key objective of using alternative fuels is to continue to produce high-quality cement while decreasing the use of non-renewable fuels and minimizing the impact on the environment.Burn characteristics and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated with a laboratory burn simulator under conditions that mimic those in the preheater where the fuels are brought into a cement plant. A drop-tube furnace and visualization method were developed that show potential for evaluating time-and space-resolved temperature distributions for fuel solid particles and liquid droplets undergoing combustion in various combustion atmospheres. Downdraft gasification has been explored as a means to extract chemical energy from poultry litter while limiting the throughput of potentially deleterious components with regards to use in firing a cement kiln. Results have shown that the clinkering is temperature independent, at least within the controllable temperature range. Limestone also had only a slight effect on the fusion when used to coat the pellets. However, limestone addition did display some promise in regards to chlorine capture, as ash analyses showed chlorine concentrations of more than four times greater in the limestone infused ash as compared to raw poultry litter.A reliable and convenient sampling procedure was developed to estimate the combustion quality of broiler litter that is the best compromise between convenience and reliability by means of statistical analysis.Multi-day trial burns were conducted at a full-scale cement plant with alternative fuels to examine their compatibility with the cement production process. Construction and demolition waste, woodchips, and soybean seeds were used as alternative fuels at a full-scale cement production facility. These fuels were co-fired with coal and waste plastics. The alternative fuels used in this trial accounted for 5 to 16 % of the total energy consumed during these burns. The overall performance of the portland cement produced during the various trial burns performed for practical purposes very similar to the cement produced during the control burn. The cement plant was successful in implementing alternative fuels to produce a consistent, high-quality product that increased cement performance while reducing the environmental footprint of the plant. The utilization of construction and demolition waste, woodchips and soybean seeds proved to be viable replacements for traditional fuels. The future use of these fuels depends on local availability, associated costs, and compatibility with a facility's p...

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