2005
DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.55.2.117
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Advances in Radiation Therapy: Conventional to 3D, to IMRT, to 4D, and Beyond

Abstract: Modern advances in computers have fueled parallel advances in imaging technologies. The improvements in imaging have in turn allowed a higher level of complexity to be incorporated into radiotherapy treatment planning systems. As a result of these changes, the delivery of radiotherapy evolved from therapy designed based primarily on plain (two dimensional) x-ray images and hand calculations to three-dimensional x-ray based images incorporating increasingly complex computer algorithms. More recently, biologic v… Show more

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Cited by 292 publications
(199 citation statements)
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“…Ever since, the pathophysiology, the clinical and radiological image of the said disease is analysed in many bibliographical references. Albeit developments in radiotherapy techniques, such as the Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy (3DCRT) and the IntensityModulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT), which offer greater protection to adjacent healthy tissues and, at the same time, increase the dose absorbed by the tumour target, the frequency of RP has not been eliminated (Bucci et al, 2005;Tsoutsou and Koukourakis, 2006;Guckenberger et al, 2010). Although, some inflammatory mediators such as amifostine (Kouvaris et al, 2007) or Toll-like receptor agonism (Wang et al, 2012) have shown evidence of radioprotection in vitro and in vivo studies, RP clearly remains a radiation dosimetric-related morbidity (Zhang et al, 2012).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Ever since, the pathophysiology, the clinical and radiological image of the said disease is analysed in many bibliographical references. Albeit developments in radiotherapy techniques, such as the Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy (3DCRT) and the IntensityModulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT), which offer greater protection to adjacent healthy tissues and, at the same time, increase the dose absorbed by the tumour target, the frequency of RP has not been eliminated (Bucci et al, 2005;Tsoutsou and Koukourakis, 2006;Guckenberger et al, 2010). Although, some inflammatory mediators such as amifostine (Kouvaris et al, 2007) or Toll-like receptor agonism (Wang et al, 2012) have shown evidence of radioprotection in vitro and in vivo studies, RP clearly remains a radiation dosimetric-related morbidity (Zhang et al, 2012).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Two types of devices are used in radiotherapy of head and neck malifnant tumors: 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-RT) or Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). The head and neck region is a well-suited location for the treatment of cancer with IMRT because of the complex anatomic topography of this area and the potential severity of radiation-associated tissue defects in the proximity of vital organs (23). A characteristic benefit of IMRT is that clinical targets are treated at a therapeutically highly effective dosage while healthy neighboring structures receive the maximum protection attainable (24) although it requires considerably more time than 3D-RT for treatment planning and execution (25).…”
Section: Discussion:-mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…17 Enhanced graphics added color and patient-specific organ anatomy to the 1980s framework, and clinicians could now visualize the patient's body from any angle (Fig 3). 16 Doing so allowed more frequent use of noncoplanar beams, off-axis calculations, multiple beam arrangements, and, ultimately, 3D conformal radiotherapy.…”
Section: Through and Patch Fieldsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…16 Doing so allowed more frequent use of noncoplanar beams, off-axis calculations, multiple beam arrangements, and, ultimately, 3D conformal radiotherapy. 17 Conceptually, however, the radiotherapy dose was generally delivered via a planar dose bath with more sites of beam entry/exit, although exceptions did exist (eg, use of oblique or tangential fields could minimize the axial volume treated for appropriate lesions).…”
Section: Through and Patch Fieldsmentioning
confidence: 99%