Advances in self psychology: The evolution of psychoanalytic treatment

Validation, Interpretation, and Corrective Emotional Experience in Psychoanalytic Treatment

“…Many contemporary psychoanalytic theorists base their theories of change on this equilibration model (Bacal, 1985;Bäsch, 1984;Beebe & Lachmann, 1994;Blatt & Behrens, 1987;Doφat & Miller, 1992;Epstein, 1994;Horowitz, 1991;Kohut, 1971;Loewald, I960;Lichtenberg, Uch mann & Fosshage, 1992;Sander, 1983;Sandler & Sandler, 1978;Stern, 1985;Weiss & Samp.son, 1986;Wolf, 1991). Two of the more popular variations on this model of change are the disruption-restoration thesis, based on optimal frustration, and the optimal responsiveness paradigm, based on the premise that providing what the patient needs promotes development and mental reorganization.…”

“…The pa tient reorganizes his Schemas in the restorative context of the analyst's empathic understanding of the patient's disturbed state, his inteφΓetative explanation of the frustration and consequent disruption in the patient's conneaion to the analyst, and his acknowledgment of the contributions of both himself and the patient to this disruption (Wolf, 1991 considerable debate as to whether the therapeutic aaion of this para digm resides in the frustration phase or in the inteφretative/restorative phase of the process (Kohut, 1984;Stolorow, Brandchaft & Atwood, 1987;Stolorow, 1994;Wolf, 1991). According to the equilibration model pro posed here, the therapeutic aaion is in the frustration phase, with the interpretative/restorative phase providing the validation of the padent's experience and beliefs that is required in order for them to change.…”

“…Two of the more popular variations on this model of change are the disruption-restoration thesis, based on optimal frustration, and the optimal responsiveness paradigm, based on the premise that providing what the patient needs promotes development and mental reorganization. (For reviews see Bacal, 1985;Lichtenberg, Lachmann & Fosshage, 1992;and Wolf, 1991).…”

The Importance of Self-Compassion in Terms of Self Psychology

“…Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the most well-known theory in the clinical field, has outlined the structural model of human minds, the id, ego, and superego, and the ego is defined as the reality and human's own conscious mind. Although Freud had once used "self" in Das Ich (1923) [6] in defining Narcissism in the 1900s, he did not state the relations between "self" and the scientific concept of ego [7,8]. Hartmann (1950) [9] has then redefined the concept of "self".…”

Wish, need, and neediness commentary on Shabad's “resentment, indignation, entitlement”;

“…Wolf (1991) similarly speaks in the language of need and provision: "A responsive selfobject ambience provides the selfobject experiences needed by an incomplete or defective self in order for it to resume development and gain increased structural cohesion" (p. 129). He adds: "One intense affective experience of transference/countertransference attunement is worth a thousand interpretive words.…”