Advances in testing the interference of biocides on stone materials: A comparative analysis and guidelines for a standardised approach

Casanova Municchia, Annalaura; Fidanza, Maria Rosaria; Caneva, Giulia

doi:10.1016/j.culher.2023.08.001

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…We preliminarily observed and investigated the physical properties of the 4 selected lithotypes after the application of the different coating formulations (a total of 90 samples). Following the most used interference tests [32], we specifically examined whether these products induced alterations in the surface optical properties that might result in a noticeable color change (measured by ∆E) perceivable to the human eye, potentially affecting the perception variation in hypothetically treated artifacts. Colorimetric measurements were carried out on three different points for each sample, and average values of L*, a*, and b* were obtained for each sample group (untreated, coating only, and the two systems of nanosystems with the two tested biocides: NC-MBT, MNP-MBT, NC-ZOS, and MNP-ZOS).…”

Section: Coating Development and Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, biocide application 2 of 17 cannot have a long-lasting efficiency, and repetitive use may result in microbial resistance, leading to a resurgence of microbes on treated surfaces [23,29,30]. Moreover, their potential risks to human health and the environment, as well as substrate interference [31,32], have prompted a quest for alternative ecofriendly solutions [33][34][35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In Situ Evaluation of New Silica Nanosystems as Long-Lasting Methods to Prevent Stone Monument Biodeterioration

Bartoli,

Hosseini,

Graziani

et al. 2024

Coatings

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Microbial colonization can lead to various biodeterioration phenomena in outdoor stone monuments. To prevent these issues and mitigate the negative effects of chemical control, recent research has focused on encapsulating biocides in nanostructures. We tested the antifouling efficiency of the new multifunctional coating through in situ experiments performed on the Aurelian Walls in Rome. We selected two different biocides (2-mercaptobenzothiazole and zosteric sodium salt) and loaded them into two different silica nanocontainers (nanocapsules and mesoporous particles), which were dispersed in TEOS coatings. These coatings were applied to four common lithotypes (marble, travertine, mortar, and brick). Subsequently, we accelerated the colonization by inoculating microorganisms onto half of the samples, subjecting all samples to aging cycles. We conducted colorimetric, infrared spectroscopy, and other microscopic analyses to assess their durability and antimicrobial action. Our 3-year survey indicates that the coatings demonstrated antifoulant efficiency across all samples, with higher effectiveness observed on brick and mortar compared to travertine and marble. Among the nanostructures, nanocapsules exhibited greater efficiency than mesoporous particles, and regarding the biocides, the commercial one outperformed the natural one. These findings highlighted the potential of such systems in preserving cultural heritage; however, further research and product development is imperative for practical implementation.

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Section: Coating Development and Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Evaluation of New Silica Nanosystems as Long-Lasting Methods to Prevent Stone Monument Biodeterioration

Bartoli,

Hosseini,

Graziani

et al. 2024

Coatings

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“…Biocides can be classified according to several aspects, including their chemical nature, the target organisms, the mode of action and the type of formulation; they must also meet specific requirements to be applied in the treatment of works of art, such as high efficacy against biodeteriogens, absence of interference with the materials and low toxicity to human health and the environment [33,34]. The application of traditional biocides can give rise to potential risks for human health and for the environment, demanding cautious assessment of their acute and chronic toxicity [19,20,25,27,[34][35][36]. In any country, regulations exist for the marketing and use of biocides against harmful organisms, to protect humans, animals, plants and materials, such as for Europe with the "Biocidal Product Regulation", BPR (Regulation 528/2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Viability Tests of New Ecofriendly Nanosystems Incorporating Essential Oils for Long-Lasting Conservation of Stone Artworks

Bartoli,

Corradi,

Hosseini

et al. 2024

Gels

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The study explores the application of natural biocides (oregano essential oil and eugenol, directly applied in solutions or encapsulated within silica nanocapsules) for safeguarding stone cultural heritage from biodeterioration, using green algae (Chlorococcum sp.) and cyanobacteria (Leptolyngbya sp.) as common pioneer biodeteriogens. Core-shell nanocontainers were built for a controlled release of microbicidal agents, a safe application of chemicals and a prolonged efficacy. The qualitative and quantitative evaluations of biocide efficiency at different doses were periodically performed in vitro, after six scheduled intervals of time (until 100 days). The release kinetics of composite biocide-embedding silica nanocapsules were characterized by the UV-Vis spectroscopy technique. Data showed both promising potential and some limitations. The comparative tests of different biocidal systems shed light on their variable efficacy against microorganisms, highlighting how encapsulation influences the release dynamics and the overall effectiveness. Both the essential oils showed a potential efficacy in protective antifouling coatings for stone artifacts. Ensuring compatibility with materials, understanding their differences in biocidal activity and their release rates becomes essential in tailoring gel, microemulsion or coating products for direct on-site application.

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The Manciano Sandstone in Contemporary Architecture: Conservation Aspects in Florence

Rescic,

Fratini,

Sacchi

et al. 2024

Geoheritage

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Advances in testing the interference of biocides on stone materials: A comparative analysis and guidelines for a standardised approach

Cited by 4 publications

References 66 publications

In Situ Evaluation of New Silica Nanosystems as Long-Lasting Methods to Prevent Stone Monument Biodeterioration

In Situ Evaluation of New Silica Nanosystems as Long-Lasting Methods to Prevent Stone Monument Biodeterioration

In Vitro Viability Tests of New Ecofriendly Nanosystems Incorporating Essential Oils for Long-Lasting Conservation of Stone Artworks

The Manciano Sandstone in Contemporary Architecture: Conservation Aspects in Florence

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