Advances in the Analysis of Pharmaceuticals by Using Graphene‐Based Sensors

Abstract

Safe and effective use of drugs relies on proper pharmaceutical analysis. Graphene has been extensively used to construct sensors for this purpose. Over the years, a large variety of pharmaceutical sensors have been developed from graphene or its derivatives. This article reviews the current status of sensor development from graphene and its derivatives, and discusses the use of graphene‐based sensors in pharmaceutical analysis. It is hoped that this article offers not only a snapshot of recent advances in the fabrication and use of graphene‐based sensors, but also provides insights into future engineering and optimization of the sensors for effective pharmaceutical analysis.

Sensitive and selective detection of heavy metal ions and organic pollutants with graphene-integrated sensing platforms

“…For water quality monitoring, graphene-based sensors can detect a range of chemical and biological contaminants. These include heavy metals (such as lead, 11 mercury, 12 and cadmium 13 ), organic pollutants (such as pesticides 14 and pharmaceuticals 15 ), and microbial contaminants (like bacteria 16 and viruses 17 ). Graphene's high conductivity and ability to form strong bonds with various molecules make it an ideal material for sensors, which can provide precise and rapid measurements of these pollutants.…”

Voltammetric determination terbinafine at carbon paste electrode modified with graphene nanosheets

“…Among different carbonaceous nanomaterials, graphene nanosheet was introduced as an efficient electrode modifier for voltammetric assaying of pharmaceutical compounds [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. Therefore, working carbon paste electrodes integrated with graphene nanostructure were characterized and utilized for differential pulse voltammetric determination of TER in various matrices.…”