Advances in the evaluation of canine renal disease

Correlation of electrophoretic urine protein banding patterns with severity of renal damage in dogs with proteinuric chronic kidney disease

“…The sensitivity and specificity of tubular gel scores for detection of TI damage were excellent, and the sensitivity was greater than when a sCr ≥1.4 mg/dL was used, supporting the insensitivity of this cutoff for detecting tubular damage in dogs. 11,37 Although sCr is a functional test rather than a direct test of kidney damage, it demonstrated the strongest correlation with tubular damage in this same cohort of dogs, 11 and in the absence of a readily available, noninvasive test of tubular damage and inability to perform a renal biopsy, sCr is often used by clinicians to infer the presence of TI damage/dysfunction, albeit often in conjunction with other findings such as isosthenuria. 38 Nearly all dogs had at least minimal to mild glomerular and tubular damage; thus, there were few true negatives and no false positives resulting in 100% specificity.…”

“…Urine gel electrophoresis might provide additional support for the presence of glomerular damage when a renal biopsy is not feasible, particularly for dogs with minimal to mild proteinuria. The sensitivity and specificity of tubular gel scores for detection of TI damage were excellent, and the sensitivity was greater than when a sCr ≥1.4 mg/dL was used, supporting the insensitivity of this cutoff for detecting tubular damage in dogs and in the absence of a readily available, noninvasive test of tubular damage and inability to perform a renal biopsy, sCr is often used by clinicians to infer the presence of TI damage/dysfunction, albeit often in conjunction with other findings such as isosthenuria .…”

“…11 This is in contrast with the correlation of glomerular gel scores in cases with glomerular damage scores based on LM, which neared a weak correlation, and suggests that the glomerular protein banding pattern is more indicative of the degree of damage to the glomerular basement membrane ultrastructure than to changes and podocytes can result in altered protein filtration but might not be detectable on LM. 37,39 In contrast, in cases with marked glomerulosclerosis, the severity of proteinuria based on gel electrophoresis might be inconsistent with the severity of glomerular damage on LM because sclerotic glomeruli do not contribute significantly to urine production. 40 The weak to modest correlations of the tubular gel scores with component or composite TI damage scores were lower than correlations of sCr and tubular biomarkers with TI damage scores, as found in a previous study.…”

Decrease of nitric oxide and increase in diastolic blood pressure are two events that affect renal function in dogs with pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism

“…The kidney is one of the most sensitive organs to an increase in blood pressure (Finco, 2004), and HBP is one of the most important risk factors involved in generating glomerular damage as it leads to alterations of glomerular morphology and function, increasing the intraglomerular capillary pressure (Lees et al, 2005;Wehner et al, 2008;Cianciolo et al, 2016). This favors hyperfiltration by the glomeruli, allowing passage of albumin and, in time, provoking a deterioration of renal function as the filtered protein acts as a nephrotoxic agent (Martiarena et al, 2007;Lien et al, 2010).…”

Variability of serum concentrations of cystatin C and urinary retinol‐binding protein, neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin, immunoglobulin G, and C‐reactive protein in dogs

“…Kidneys have a great compensatory ability when affected by insults that could compromise their function . As a consequence, conventional markers of renal disease, such as serum creatinine, often lead to late diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) . This makes it difficult and challenging for veterinarians to detect kidney disease at an early stage when proper treatment might slow CKD progression and improve longevity and quality of life .…”