“…In the last two decades, various graphene-based materials have been developed, such as graphene oxides, reduced graphene oxides, nanoribbons, 45 and graphene quantum dots. 51,52 Besides materials engineering, such as defects, doping, and composites, chemical modications and functionalization have also been reported. This has given rise to complex systems such as graphane, 53 graphyne, 54 and partially reduced GO.…”